618 Atc^. 



Adult in hreeding-plmnage. General colour above, including a 

 wide collar surrounding the fore-neck, black ; top of the head 

 greyish-black, inclining to dark grey on the forehead ; chin, throat, 

 sides of the head, and a narrow indistinct band across the nape pale 

 grey, inclining to whitish on the cheeks ; a dark grey baud down 

 each side of the throat ; rest of underparts beneath the black collar 

 pure white ; some of the inner flank-feathers smoky-black on the 

 inner web ; quills brownish black ; underside of wings pale grey, 

 inclining to whitish on the lesser under wing-coverts. Tail black, 

 composed of 16 feathers. Iris hazel ; terminal half of both 

 mandibles carmine, followed by a narrow band of pale yellow, basal 

 half slate-grey, followed by a second band of pale yellow at the 

 base of the upper mandible, and a narrow red one at the base of 

 the lower ; swollen skin at the angle of the gape orange ; orbits 

 carmine, horny skin above and below the eye bluish slate ; legs and 

 feet orange. 



British and Norwegian examples measure : — Total length about 

 13 inches, culmen from feathers on forehead to tip 1"7-1'8, from 

 gape to tip 1'4, greatest depth of both mandibles at base l-35-l"5, 

 wing 5'8-6*2, tail 1'7-1'8, tarsus 0-95-1, middle toe and claw l*o- 

 1-7. 



The larger examples from Spitsbergen measure : — Culmen from 

 feathers on forehead to tip l"8-2 inches, from gape to tip 1*4, 

 greatest depth of both mandibles at base 1*6-1'75, wing 6"7-7'2, 

 tail 2-2, tarsus 1'2, middle toe and claw l*8o-l-9. 



Adult in non-breeding plumage. Similar to the above, but with 

 the feathers on the fore part of the face and round the eye black. 

 The sheath covering the basal half of the upper and lower 

 mandibles, as well as the warty skin round the gape, and the 

 appendages above and below the eyes are cast towards the beginning 

 of September. 



Immature. Similar to the adult in non-breeding plumage, but 

 easily distinguished by its much smaller bill, the terminal part of 

 which is smooth and entirely devoid of transverse ridges. 



Young in doivn. Dark smoky-brown, except a large white patch 

 on the breast and middle of the belly. 



Ohs. Examples from Spitsbergen are conspicuously larger than 

 those met with in Norway and the British Isles, and have been 

 distinguished under the name of F. glacialis. These birds not only 

 have the bill much larger and deeper, but the wing is decidedly 

 longer, 6' 7 to 7'2 inches. Birds from South Greenland, Iceland, 

 and the Faroes are, however, intermediate in size ; and the Spits- 

 bergen birds can only be regarded as a larger Northern race. 



Hah. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, 

 ranging eastward to Novaya Zemlya, westward to Greenland and 

 North-eastern North America, south to the coast of Portugal, and 

 in winter to the Canary Islands. 



