13. FRATERCULA. 621 



Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. vii. p. 398 (1882) [Bering I.] ; Dyboivski, Orn. 

 Centralbl.l8S2,^A0; id. Bull. 6wc. Z. JV.Adi. p. 297(1882); Nelson, 

 Cruise ' Convin,' p. 115 (1883) ; Dyhowski 8f Tacz. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. 

 ix. p. 147 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 801 (1884) ; 

 Baird, Breiv. 8f_ Ridgic. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 529 (1884 ) ; 

 Turner, Auk, ii. p. 159 (1885) [Xearer Is., Alaska]; Stejn. 

 Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxix. p. 59, pi. iii. (1885) ; A. O. U. Check-l. 

 p. 77 (1886) ; Pabnen, Vega-E.iped. Vetensk. Iuktta</. v. p. 400 

 (1887); Ridg^o. Man. N. Am. B. p. 11 (1887); Sfe/n. P. U.S. 

 Nat. Mus. X. p. 119 (1887) [Commander Is.]; Nelson, Rep. N. H. 

 Alaska, p. 38, pi. ii. fig. 4 (1887) ; Seebokm, B. Japan, p. 280 (1890) ; 

 Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1248 (1893) [E. Siberia]; 

 Grinnell, Auk, xv. p. 124 (1898) [Sitka] ; Seale, P. Ac. Philad. 

 1898, p. 127. 

 ■ Lunda corniculata, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vi. Urinat. p. 28 (1867) ; 



Brandt, Melang. Biol. vii. p. 242 (1869). 

 Alca corniculata, G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 96 (1871). 



Adult in breeding-plumage. Very similar to F. arctica, but easily 

 distinguished by having the black collar across the fore-neck con- 

 tinued up to the chin ; the sides of the head white, with a narrow 

 grey stripe behind the eye, and the forehead and crown blackish 

 grey, in contrast to the rest of the upper parts. The superciliary 

 horn is also much larger, and the claws longer and more strongly 

 curved. Tail composed of 16 feathers. "Iris brownish-grey; 

 naked ring round the eye deep orange ; superciliary horn black ; tip 

 of the bill to between the second and third grooves red, basal part 

 pale chrome-yellow, swollen angle of the gape and inside of the 

 mouth orange ; legs and feet bright orange-red " {G. E. H. Barrett- 

 Hamilton). 



Adult male. Total length about 16 inches, culmen from feathers 

 on forehead to tip 2, from gape to tip 1"5, greatest depth of both 

 mandibles at base l'S-l"85, wing 7'2-7"5, tail '2-Q, tarsus l-2-l*25, 

 middle toe and claw 2. 



Adult female. Total length about 16'6 inches, culmeu from feathers 

 on forehead to tip 1"9, from gape to tip 1*5, greatest depth of both 

 mandibles at base l'6-l-85, wing 6-9-7"2, tail 2'6-2-65, tarsus I'l- 

 I'lo, middle toe and claw l*7o-l'9. 



Adidtin non-hreeding plumage. Differs in having the sides of the 

 head ash-grey, shading into sooty-black on the lores and orbital 

 region. The basal shields on the sides of the bill as well as the 

 superciliary horns are absent, and the swollen skin at the angle 

 of the gape nearly obsolete. " Bill dark brownish, the terminal 

 portion lighter and more or less tinged with orange-red ; angle of 

 the gape pale chrome-yellow ; naked space round the eye dusky 

 brown ; feet pale reddish "' {L. Stejneger). 



Immature. Resembles the adult in non-breeding plumage, but is 

 easily recognized by its much smaller bill. 



Young in down. Like that of F. arctica, all the body being clad 

 in dark smoky-brown down, except the middle of the breast and 

 bellv, which are white. 



