56 



TETRAONID^. 



pointed than in the adult ; the tail is smaller and the outer feathers 

 much less curled *. 



The young male resemhles at first the young female, but soon the 

 black feathers begin to appear on the sides and middle of the breast 

 and belly, shoulders, back, and in the tail. 



Adult female. Top of the head and neck equally barred with 

 black and rufous buff; back and rump black, barred with rufous ; 

 wing-coTerts, scapulars, and secondaries very similar, but the bars 

 are much broken and take more the form of mottlings ; the longer 

 wing-coverts and secondaries arc irregularly tipped with white ; the 

 basal part of the inner primaries and secondaries white, rest of pri- 

 maries dark brown, mottled on the outer web with buff ; sides of 

 the head, chin, and throat rufous buff, spotted with black ; breast 

 and sides barred with black and rufous and fringed with white ; 

 belly and flanks more mottled with black ; thighs and tarsi white, 

 more or less finely mottled with dusky ; under tail-coverts rufous 

 or whitish, barred with black and widely tipped with white, and 

 extending beyond the middle pair of tail-feathers ; tail-feathers black, 



mottled and barred with rufous and narrowly tipped with white. 



Total length 17 inches, wing 8-9, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-6. 



Immature females can be distinguished from the adults only by 



the more pointed first primary, mottled at the tip with rufous buff. 

 Young females have rufous-buff shaft-stripes at the ends of the 



wing-coverts ; scapulars and outer secondaries and the tail reddish 



brown, barred with black. 



Hah. Europe and Northern and Central Asia, ranging westwards 



to Great Britain, eastwards to the River Kolima, N.E. Siberia, 



southwards to the Eastern Pyrenees, North Italy, N. Caucasus, Tian 



Shan and Peking, and northwards to about 69° N. lat. 



a, b, $ ad. st.f Scotland. Sir William H. Flower 



[P.]. 



c. 2 ad. St. Scotland. Old Coll. 



d. S ad. sk. Scotland. Hiune Coll. 



e. S ad. sk. Scotland. Gould Coll. 



f. 9 ad. £k. Scotland, Oct. W. B. Tegetmeier, Esq. 



[P-]- 



g. S imm. sk. Cromarty, Jan. G. St. Quintin, Esq. [P.]. 

 h. 2 ad. sk. Holme Eose, Nairnshire, H. F. Rose, Esq. [P.]. 



Jan. 



i-r. S 2 ad. et Buchanty, Perthshire, C. S. H. Drummond Mo- 



P^ill- St. June. ray, Esq. [P.]. 



s. c? ad. sk. Buchanty, Perthshire, Capt. W. A. Drummond 



Dec. Moray [P.]. 



t,u.(S^ ad. sk. Tyndrum, Perthshire, Marquis of Breadalbane 



Dec. [P.]. 



* Young birds from Scotland attain the black plumage much earlier than 

 specimens from Norway, Russia, and Siberia. Birds shot in Norway in the 

 month of April and at Omsk in May have still all the wins;- and tail-coverts 

 thickly mottled with rufous, and even retaiu a few feathers of the first plumage, 

 so that one niiglit expect to find males during the breeding-season retainmg 

 much of their juvenile plumage, or even breeding if the old ones allow them, 

 t Assuming male plumage. 



