28 ANATID^. 



Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 9 (pt. xxi. 1872) ; Gieh. Then. Orn. i. 



p. 856 (1872); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 240; David ^ Oust. Ois. 



Chine, p. 493 (1877) ; Hume, Sir. Feath. vii. pp. 106, 107, 464 



(1878-79), Tiii. p. 114, n. 944 quat. (1879) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1882, 



p. 352. 

 Cygnus olor. Pall {nee Gm.) Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 211 (1811). 

 Cygnus olor a. Pall. op. cit. p. 211. 

 CygTius cygnus, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 407 (1828); Lazarini, Orn. 



Jahrh. ii. pp. 231-233 (Tyrol) (1891) ; Hartert, J. f. 0. 1891, 



p. 306 ; id. Kat. Vogelsam'ml. p. 226 (1891). 

 ? Cygnus islandicus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996 {nee 1125 ?) ; ? id. 



Handb. Vog. Deutschl. pp. 832, 1035, pi. xli. f. 1 (1831). 

 Olor musicus, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1234 ; G. H. Gr. List B. Brit. 



Mus. iii. p. 130 (1844) ; SuTid. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 



(1872). 

 Cvgnus xanthorhinus, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xi. p. 478, t. 296 (1842). 

 Oior cygnus, G. R. Gr. List Gen. ^ Subgen. B. p. 122 (1855) ; Bp. 



Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 3 (1856) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. 



p. 78, n. 10600 (1871) ; Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 202, 



222 (1880) ; id. Noin. N. Am. B. n. 586 (1881) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. 



Nat. Mus. V. p. 198 (1882) ; B., B., ^ R. Water-B. N. Am. i. 



p. 423 (1884) ; ? Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mtis. n. 29, p. 149 (Com- 

 mander Isl.) (1885) ;' id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 136 (Commander 



Isl.) (1887). 

 Cygnus linnffii, Malm, Goteb. och Bohusl. Faun. pp. 99, 343 (1877). 

 Holor musicus, Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Oca. fasc. v. 



p. 3 (1886). 



Hybrids, 



eigne chanteur S X Oie domestique $ , F. Cuv. Ann. Mm. Hist. Nat. 



xii. p. 119 (1808). 

 Cygnus musicus c? X Anser domesticus 2 , Leverk. J. f. O. 1890, 



p. 217. 

 Cygnus musicus c? X Anser cinereus 2, Leverk. ibid. 



Adult. Head, neck, the whole plumage of the body and wings 

 pure white ; some specimens, occasionally only, exhibiting a rufous 

 ochreous tint at the tips of the feathers of the head ; anterior part 

 of the beak depressed and black, the basal part, with the lores, 

 yellow, this colour extending forward along each lateral margin of 

 the upper mandible, beyond the openings of the nostrils, which are 

 black ; the black colour only reaches halfway to the gape ; legs, 

 toes, and their membranes black. Total length about 5 feet, 

 wing 2.5'5 inches, tail 8-5, culmen 4*2, tarsus 4-2. 



Young. General colour greyish brown ; beak first of a dull flesh- 

 colour, the tip and the lateral margins black, later black, with a 

 reddish-orange band across the nostrils, and with the base and lores 

 pale greenish white. 



Tounr/ in doivn. White. 



Hah. Arctic Europe and Asia, whence it migrates to Southern 

 Europe, to Turkestan, China, and Japan ; resident in Iceland ; 

 occasionally strays to Greenland. 



