14. CHEN. 87 



H'/ieut. Ohio Agr. Hep. d. 235 (IfJtiO) ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Fhilad. 



\mi, p. 72; Re'inh. Ibis, 18G1, n. 12 (Greenland); Boardm. Pr. 



Post. Soc. ix. p. 129 (Maine) (1862) ; > Ross, Ccuiad. Natural. (2) 



ii. p. 151 (l.S62j ; ? id. Nat. Hist. Pev. vii. p. -266 (1862) ; Verr. 



Pr. Pss. Put. iii. p. lo9 (Maine) (1862); Blnkist. Ibis, 1863, 



p. 139 (Brit. N. Am.) : Bree, B. Pur. iv. p. 126, pi. — (18u3) ; . 



Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. p. 87 (1864) ; Schleg. Miis. P.-B., Anseres, 



p. 107 (part., Labrador) (1866) ; McPwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 94 



(Canada, West) (1866); ?Coites, ibid. p. 297 (1868) ; Later. Ann. 



Lijc. N. Y. viii. p. 295 (1867); ? Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 425 



(Vancouver I.); Ei/t. Syn. Anat. p. 40 ^1869) ; Gieh. Thes. Orn. 



i. p. 371 (part.) (1872); Sound. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 520; Sclat. 



P. Z. S. 1880, p. 501 (part.) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 (Hudson 



Bav) (1889^ ; Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 238 (part.) (1891) ; ? Macfarl. 



Pc." U.S. Nat. Mils. xiv. p. 423 (1891). 

 ? Tadorna nivea, part., Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996 ; id. Handb. Vorj. 



Deutschl. p. 854 (part.) (1831). 

 Anser hyperboreas, part., Ej/t. Man. Anat. p. 91 (183S). 

 Chen bvperboreus, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 75, n. 10570 (excl. 



svn.)"(1871); Coues, B. N.-West,^. 548 (part.) (1874) ; B., B., ^ 



it. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 439 (part.) (1884) ; Netot. Diet, of B. 



p. 374 (pt. ii., 1893). 

 Chen hyperboreus nivalis, Ridgw. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p. 107 



(1884) ; B., B., ^- R. Water-B. A'. ^?m. ii.p.440 (1884) ; A.O.U. 



Code ofNomencl. S^ Check-list, p, 123, n, 169 a (1886) : ? Ma»farl. 



Pr. U'.S. Nat. Mas. xiv. p. 423 (1891) ; Hartert, Eat. Vogelsamml. 



p. 226, n. 3355 (1891). 

 Anser hyperboreus nivalis, Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 490 (1685). 

 Chen hvperborea nivalis, Ridgic. .Man. N. Am. B. p. 115 (1887) ; 



Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 75 '(1892). 



Similar to C. hyperboreus, but larger. Total length about 30-38 

 inches, wing 17'35-1 7-50, tail 6-50, culmen 2-55-2-70, tarsus 3-15- 

 3-50. 



Mr. Ridgway gives as a distinctive character for this species the 

 culmen 2'55-2"70 against 1-95-2-30 for C. hyperboreus ; the four 

 specimens mentioned below have the culmen 2-30 inches long, so 

 that they would come under C. hyperboreus, but as they have the 

 bill decidedly larger than any of the birds mentioned in the previous 

 list, which certainly belong to C. hi/j^erhoreiis, and as at least the first 

 two, from the Arctic Overland Expedition and Eepulso Bay, from 

 their locality ought to belong to V. nivalis, I have kept all the four 

 under this species. But I must confess that it appears to me that 

 the distinction of an Eastern form from a Western one is not yet 

 satisfactorily established. 



Hub. Eastern North America ; breeding-ground unknown, but 

 probably arctic regions east of Mackenzie River ; United States 

 (Mississippi Yalley to .^.tlantic coast) only during migrations and in 

 winter. 



<T. Ad.st. Arctic Land Exp. Capt. Back [P.]. 



b. Ad. St. Repulse Bay, N. Hudson Bay. Dr. Rae [P.]. 



<•. Ad.sk. Vancouver is. Salvin-Godman Coll. 



d. Ad. sk. St. Juan de Fuca, Vancouver Is. 



