392 ANATID^. 



A7n. B. p. 106 (1887) ; Stejn.Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 137 (1887) 



(Beriug I.) ; Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 67 (1892). 

 Fuligula hyemalis, Rchnw. Si/st. Verz. Voq. DeutscM. p. 57 (1889) ; 



id. J. f. b. 1890, pp. 83, 84 ; Mackay, Auk, 1892, pp. 330-337. 

 Clangula (Harelda) hvemalis, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 233 



(1891). 



Adult male in winter and spring nuptial dress. Head and neck 

 white ; forehead and sides of the head pale sooty grey ; on each 

 side of the neck an oval patch, dark brown on the upper part, paler 

 brown on the lower part ; mantle, back, rump, and median upper 

 tail-coverts, breast and wings dark brown, almost black ; rest of 

 the lower parts, scapulars, and sides of the upper tail-coverts white ; 

 sides and flanks with a slight grey tinge ; secondai'ies paler brown 

 than the rest of the wing ; under wing-coverts brown-black ; central 

 tail-feathers very long and pointed, black, the next feathers blackish 

 brown edged with white, the white increases towards the outer 

 feathers, which are entirely white : nail and basal half of the bill 

 blackish lead-colour, the intermediate part pale pinkish orange : 

 irides reddish brown ; legs and feet lead-blue, with the webs and 

 joints blackish. Total length about 22 inches, wing 9, tail 3*5, 

 central rectrices from 7 to 8, culmen 1-15, tarsus l-2o. 



Female. Forehead, crown, and back of the neck dark brown ; 

 lores, region behind the eyes, throat, and a ring round the neck 

 greyish white ; rest of the upper parts dark brown, with pale olive- 

 brown margins to the feathers of the rump, to the scapulars, wing- 

 coverts, and outer web of secondaries ; jugulum brown, changing 

 into white on the lower parts ; tail greyish brown, with the edges 

 of the feathers whitish ; tlie central feathers are not elongated. 

 Total length about 16 inches. 



Young in first plumage resemble adult females, but the brown 

 parts are puler and the white ones less white. 



Young males may be distinguished by the chestnut margins of 

 the scapulars, innermost secondaries, and wing-coverts, and the 

 white on the back of the neck is purer and more clearly defined. 



Males in first nuptial dress differ from adults in having shorter 

 central tail-feathers, the dark parts browner, and ash-grey markings 

 on the feathers of the upper back and scapulars. 



Males in summer plumage have the sides of the head white, the 

 rest of the head and neck, upper breast, upper back, and scapulars 

 dark brown, the feathers of the upper back and the scapulars 

 having broad, clearly defined chestnut margins ; underparts below 

 the breast white, as in nuptial plumage. 



Young in down are dark brown on the upper parts and nearly 

 white on the underparts, but the white on the throat nearly meets 

 on the nape, and the brown below it extends in a narrow band 

 across the breast ; cheeks dark brown ; there is a white spot on the 

 lores, at the base of the upper mandible, and an obscure white mark 

 round the ej-e. 



Hah. Arctic regions ; in winter rarely reaching the basin of the 

 Mediterranean in Europe ; it winters on the Caspian, and Lake 



