384 CLUPEiD.!;. 



and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length of 

 tlio head twice and four-filths or twice and two-thirds. Teeth 

 none ; the maxillary does not extend backwards to the mandibulary 

 joint. The diameter of the eye is contained five times and one-half 

 in the length of the head. Gill-rakers veiy long, setiform, closely 

 set, about 42 on the lower branch of the outer branchial arch. Origin 

 of the dorsal fin midway between the root of the caudal and the eye ; 

 origin of the anal fiu nearly ojiposite to the end of the dorsal ; caudal 

 fin not scaly. Pectoral extending to or a little beyond ventral. 

 Coloration uniform. 



Pacific coast of Panama. 



a, b-c. Types of the species. From the Collection of Messrs. Dow & 

 Salvin. 



2. ENGRAULIS. 



Clupea, sp., et Stolephorus, Lace}). 

 Eugraulis et Thrissa, Cuvier. 

 Engraulis, Cuv. Hf Val. 



Body oblong, compressed. Scales large or of moderate size. Snout 

 more or less conical, projecting beyond the lower jaw (except in E. 

 hreviceps). Generally small teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, pala- 

 tine, and pterygoid bones. IntermaxiUaries very smaU, hidden ; 

 maxillary long, attached to the cheek by a scarcely distensible mem- 

 brane. Anal fin of moderate or great length. Union of the gill- 

 membranes very short, leaving the isthmus uncovered, the gill- 

 openings being extremely wide. Branchiostegals short, from nine 

 to fourteen in number. 



Temperate and tropical seas ; many species entering fresh waters. 



I divide this genus into several subgenera, and arrange the 

 species thus : — 



I. None of the pectoral rays prolonged ; anal rays 50 or less. 



A. The teeth are of equally small size if present. 



1. Origin of the dorsal fin in advance of that of the anal. 



a. The maxillary does not extend beyond the gill-opening : En- 



graulis (Cuv.). 



aa. No teeth in the jaws, p. 385. 



bb. Teeth in tlie maxillary, none in the lower jaw. 



* No silvery band along the side, p. 385. 



** A well-defined silvery band along the side, p. 388. 

 cc. Teeth in both jaws, p. 392. 



b. The maxillary extends backwa.ds beyond the gill-opening: 



Thrissa (Cuv.), p. 395. 



2. Origin of the anal fin in advance of that of the dorsal : Pteren- 



graulis, p. 398. 



