liv INTEERKLATIOXS OF GEXEHA. 



])' aud p, tliiii and .sharply pointed, adapted to piercing the rind of 

 the fruit and keeping it in position, while it is squeezed between 

 the jaws and pressed upward against the interdental paLite-ridges ; 

 the other cheek-teeth are ndatively feeble, p\ m'% and m^ have 

 disajipeared ; r is often deciduous. 



Hypsignatlius (one species: Ethiopian) is undoubtedly derived 

 from a form very similar to Ejioinopx, but probably with the post- 

 dental pahite narrower. The rostrum is greatly enlarged, particu- 

 larly in depth (and much more so in males than in females), the 

 lower canines slanted more outward, p, more reduced, the ridges of 

 the molariform teeth higher and their cusps more narrowly pointed, 

 the outer ridges of some of the lower teeth more or less distinctly 

 bi- or tricuspidate, the iiremaxillae aukylosed together in front, the 

 muzzle thick aud truncate (■' Hamuierheaded Bats"), the u])per lip 

 with prominent integumentary folds, the palate-ridges (fig. 34, 

 p. 504) with relatively slight moditicatiuns similar to those of 



The origin of JS'anonifctei-is, Scotoiii/cieris, and Casiiij/rteris (all 

 monotvpic and Ethiopian) is perhajis not (luitc clear ; that they are 

 rather closely allied to each other there cannot be much doubt, and 

 the probability is that this small branch is an offshoot from a type 

 related to, but less specialized than, Pleroies and Ejwnwps. In all 

 three genera tlie rostrum is considerably shortened, in Scotoni/cferis 

 and Cusinycteris almost to the same degree as in Cynoptems. and 

 the dental formula is in all tl e same as in Epomops (clieek-teeth ^ : 

 p', m-. and m, lost). They differ from each other chiefly in the form 

 of the bony jialate. In Nanonycteris the postzygomatic palate 

 is unusually short and broad (fig. 40, p. /iGO), in Scotonycteris 

 of normal length, with the lateral margins converging backward 

 in straight lines (fig. 42, p. 564), while Casinycteris exhibits the 

 unique ])eculiarity of having no postdeutal palate, the mcsopterygoid 

 fossa extending forward very nearly to the level of the last molar 

 (fig. 43, p. 569). The palate-iidgcs, though specially modified in 

 each genus (see p]). 561, 565, 571), are without difficulty derived 

 from an Epomnps-MkQ pattern. 



Like Epomops, Epomophorus (eight species, nine forms : 

 Ethiopian) feeds chiefly on soft fruits, but in having adapted them- 

 selves to this diet the two genera have followed to a certain extent 

 different lines of development. In Epomops the rostrum and palate 

 are broadened, in Epomophoms long and narrow ; in Epomops the 

 postdental palate is broad and flat, i. e. essentially Eousettine in 

 shape, in Epomophorus it is more or less deeply depressed posteriorly, 

 with prominent palation rim ; in typical Epomops the anterior 

 interdental palate-ridges are thick aud prominent, the postdental 

 ridges simple (figs. 31 A, B, p. 48!J), in Epomophorus the postdental 

 are practically similar to the interdental ridges, all being thick and 

 prominent (fig. 37, p. 516). The dental formula and the characters 

 of the teeth are the same in both genera. 



