Ixxsiv GEOGRAPHICAL DISXRIBmOX. 



viz. Bousettus 7ninoj\ the Javaii representative of B. cimple.vi- 

 eauJalus; Pieropus vnmpurus vojnpyrus, replaced in Sumatra by 

 Ft. V. malaccensis, in Borneo by Ft. v. natunce ; Cj/nopterus hruchyotis 

 javanicus, a local form of the widely-distributed C. b. hracliyotis ; 

 Cunopterus horsjieldi horsjieldi, replaced in Sumatra by G. h. lyoni, 

 while the species is absent in Borneo ; Chironax mclanocej)halus, 

 represented in Borneo by BaJionycteris macidata, botli genera having 

 no equivalent elsewhere; Eonyctcris speJcea, also in Sumatra, but 

 in Borneo a distinct species {major) ; Macroghs^ns minimus, also in 

 Sumatra, but in Borneo a distinct species (lagocTiilus) : (3 b) Evidence 

 of affinities with Indo-China, with exclusion of Sumatra and Borneo, 

 Bousettus shortridyei, closely allied to the Indo-Chinese B. lesche- 

 naulti, a bat which has no rei)rescntative elsewhere in Indo-Malaya; 

 probably also Cinmpterus spJiiny tittJuvcheihis (though this form is 

 common to Java and Sumatra), Cynopterus sphin.v being decidedly 

 not an Indo-ilalayan but an Indian and Indo-Chinese type, which, 

 probably, in Java has ditferentiated into a distinct race, C. s. titthe- 

 cheilus, which again has spread westward to Sumatra, eastward to 

 Lombok, perhaps as far as Timor. 



Philippines. — 7 genera, 13 species (14 forms). The general 

 characters of the Fruit-bat fauna (which is, of course, still im- 

 perfectly known) would seem to be these : the autochthonous element 

 is strongly developed (tv/o genera, one of which is so peculiarly 

 modified that it has recently been proposed to separate it in a dis- 

 tinct subfamily, six species, nine forms), the affinities of the autoch- 

 thonous forms are partly Indo-Malayan, partly Austro-Malayan, 

 while one species has its closest known relatives in the Bonin and 

 JPolew Islands; in addition, some direct invasion has taken place 

 both from Indo-Malaya (Borneo) and Austro-Malaya (Celebes), 

 perhaps also, though if so to a much less extent, movements in the 

 opposite direction. The details are: — Indigenous genera: Har- 

 pyyionycteris (whiteheadi), a highly peculiar genus, with no nearer 

 relative than the Austro-Malayan Dobsonia ; Ptenochirus {jwjori), 

 closely allied to Cynopterus, and most closely to its " Niadius '"' 

 section, which is known only from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, 

 Nias, and Java. (2) Indigenous representatives of (essentially) 

 Indo-Malayan species: Pteropus hypomelanus cagayanus; Pt. vam- 

 pijnis lanensis. (3) Indigenous representatives of Austro-Malayan 

 species: Pteropus pumdus, closely allied to Pt. griseus (Bonerato, 

 Dyampea, Timor) ; Acerodon juhatus and lucifer, all other forms of 

 Aeerodon being Austro-Malayan. (4) Indigenous representative of 

 an otherwise exclusively north-west Polynesian group : Pteropus 

 leucopterus, allied to Pt.pselaphon (Bonin Islands) and Pt. pelewensis 

 (Pelew Islands). (5) Probable invaders from Indo-Malaya (Borneo) : 

 Bousettus amplexicaudatus ; Pteropus speciosus (?) ; Cynopterus bra- 

 cliyotis bracJiyotis ; Macroglossus lagochihis lagocldJus. (6) Invader 

 from Celebes (or from the Philippines into Celebes) : Pteropus 

 mimus. 



