ixxxvi geogra; nicAL w.siraisuTioN. 



Celebes and Sanr/Jiir Islands. — 11 genera, 17 species (excluding 

 a few doubtful records from literature). Two genera, both mono- 

 typic, are peculiar, Boneia, closely allied to liouscttus, and Stijlo- 

 ctenium, closely allied to I'tero/nis and more particularly to the 

 entirely Austro-Malayan I'L temminclci group, one species of Avhich 

 {Ft. ]^iersoncUus) occurs also in Celebes. 80 far as the records go 

 (for there is no doubt still much to be added to our knowledge of 

 the Fruit-bats of Celebes and Austro-Malaya in general) seven 

 species seem to be confined to Celebes, with the Sanghir islands, 

 viz. liousettus celebensis, Boneia bidens, Pteropus dobsoni, Stylo- 

 cteniiim wallacei, Dohsonia exoleta, Nyctimene minutus, and Eonyc- 

 ieris rosenhergi ; and in connection with these may be mentioned 

 Pteropus liypomelanus mucassnricus, Pteropus alecio, and Acerodon 

 celebensis, though the first is known to extend north to the Talaut 

 islands, the second south through Salaycr to Lombok, and the third 

 south to Salayer and east to the Sula Islands. An aiiah'sis of the 

 relationships of the fauna gives this result: — (1) Indigenous species 

 pointing, geographically, in uncertain direction, liouseifus celebensis, 

 a rather peculiar, narrow-toothed species of doubtful affinities, and 

 Boneia bidens: (2) Indigenous species of an otherwise entirely 

 Indo-Malayan genus, Eonycteris rosenberrji -. (3) Forms common to 

 Celebes and some part of Indo-Malaya (Borneo and Philippines), 

 Pteropus mi^nits, Cynopterus brachyotis brachyoiis, and Macroylossus 

 layocMlus lar/ocJiilus : (4) Distinct form Avith quite close relatives 

 both ill Indo- and Austro-Malaj'a, Pteropus I/ypomelanvs macas- 

 saricus : (5) Distinctforms with clearly pronounced Austro-Malayan 

 affinities, Pteropus dobsoni, Pt. alecto, Acerodon celebensis, Stylo- 

 ctenium ivallacei, Dobsonia exoleta, and Nyctimene minutus : 

 (6) Forms common to the Celebes and Moluccas (Gilolo group, or 

 Amboina group, or both), Pteropus caniceps, Pt. personatns, Thoo- 

 pterus niyresceiis, z^nd A'yciiinene ccplcalotes. The general conclusion 

 is that, while the Indo-Malayan element is by no means incon- 

 spicuous, the Austro-Malayan affinities of the Fruit-bat fauna are 

 decidedlj' predominant. 



Amboina group (Buru, Amboina, Ceram, and smaller islands) and 

 Banda Islands. — genera, 14 species. Of the Celebean genera, 

 Boneia, Acerodon, Sfj/locfenium, Cynopterus, Thoopterus, and 

 Eonycteris are absent, but Syconycteris has been added. No genus 

 is autochthonous. Five species are (so far as known) restricted to 

 this group of islands, viz. Pteropus pallidus (closely allied species 

 in Celebes and Timor), Pt. Hops (no very close relative until in 

 Formosa), Pt. cltrysoproctus (]K'rhaps also in Sanghir islands; 

 curiously enough no closely related species until in the Solomon 

 islands, where the gronj) is widely distributed), Pt. ocularis (closely 

 allied species in the (iilolo group and New Guinea), and Nyctimene 

 varius (a closely allied species in Celebes) ; to these may be added 

 two peculiar subspecies, Dobsonia viridis umbrosa (another sub- 

 species in the Key Islands) and Syconycteris crassa, major (other 

 subspecies in the Papuan section of Austro-Malaya). The non- 



