KPOJropHORrs. 



5i: 



Hyoid bones. — In general characters not unlike those of Epomops, 

 but dittoring in many details. Thyrohyals very long, their broad 

 extremities bent inward above so as nearly to meet in the middle 

 line above the aperture of the larynx ; basihyal much expanded in 

 postero-aiiterior direction ; ceratohyals extremely short ; epihyals 

 expanded, lozenge-shaped, in general outline recalling those of 

 E^ioiaoj^s, but quite flat and without ]>rorainent pulley-like cornua 

 (.1- in tig. 32 A, p. 490). Also the arrangement of the muscles 

 connected with the hyoid apparatus is conspicuously different (for 

 details see Dobson, P.' Z. S. 1881, pp. 691-692). 



Wings. — Vertical fasciae of mesopatagium (those crossing in 

 vertical direction the main internal cutaneous line) fewer in number 

 and less crowded than in Epomops, 11-33 as against 36-47 iu 

 Epomops. All digits noticeably shorter than iu Epomops, but not 

 all shortened quite to the same degree (the term "shortened" here 

 used for convenience, not implying that the wing-structure of 

 Epomophorus is considered phylogenetically derivable from that of 

 Epomops) ; if compared with corresponding portions of the Epomops 

 wing, the pollex and metacarpals and phalanges of the third and 

 fourth digits are shortened by 5-7 p. ct., the second metacarpal 

 and the metacarpal and phalanges of the fifth digit by 10-12 p. ct. 

 Subjoined the wing-indices of Ejmnophorus (upper row), calculated 

 from measurements of 125 adult individuals of all forms known, 

 and for comparison those of Epomops (lower row): — 



Sexual differentiation. — (1) Adult males with shoulder-pouches 

 and erectable epaulette-like hair-tufts similar to those of Epomops 

 (as a rare exception present in females : seen in one female of 

 E. unurus). (2) Males with a single small central pharyngeal sac, 

 opening near the commencement of the oesophagus, oppo.site the 

 aperture of the larynx, and situated between the spine and the 

 middle constrictor of the pharynx, fibres from that muscle forming 

 a sphincter round the neck of the sac; cavity of sac in E. gam- 

 hianus as a small bean, m E. minor scarcely larger than a pea. 

 (3) Males of all species, except E. luhiatus and minor, averaging 

 considerably larger than females. 



Range. — The table of distribution of the species and subspecies 

 (p. 518) is based entirely on specimens identified by the writer. 



