CYNOPTERUS. 587 



Vnchys'uma,, E. GeoffVoi/, I. fs.c. (before Sept. 1828*); Is. Geoff roij. 

 Diet. Class, d' Hist. Nat. \\y. p. 70:J{pt.) (Sept. 1828= Ci/nopterus 

 + Ckironax) ; id., Ann. -SV-t. Nat. xv. pp. 192, 203 (pt.) (" Oct. 

 1828 " : = Ci/nojiterus + Ckironax) ; Lesson, Hist. Nat. Mamm. 

 (Compl. Biffoii), V. p. 61 (pt.) (183() : = Cynoptents -\- Ckironax) ; 

 Tenuninck, Man. Mamm. ii. pp. oO, 91 (pt.) (18.'j7 : = Cynojjtenis 

 -\- Megcerops -\- Chirona.i) \ Wagner, Sehrebcr's Sang., Supp/. i. 

 p. 362 (1839 : subgenus of Pteropus — Cynopterus -\- Chirona.r -\- 

 Meyrerops) ; Lesson, N. Tahl. R. An., Mamm. p. 14, n. 44 (pt.) 

 (1842: = Cynoptents + Ckironax) ; Tcmyninck, Esq. Zool. p. 64 

 (pt.) (1853: = Epoiiio/i/ioriis -\- Cynopterus) ; Jl'ayner, Sc/ireber's 

 Siivg., Suppl. V. p. 605 (pt.) (1853-55: subgenus of Pteropus = 

 EpomopJiorus -\- Cynopterus -\- Chironax); Fitzinyer,SB.Ak. Wien, 

 Ix. Abth. i. p. 618 (1870 : = Pteropus pt. ■\- Cynopterus 4- 

 Chirona.v) ; Marchi, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. xv. p. 518, pi. viii. 

 figs. 5-6 (1873: structure of liairs). 



(,'vnonycteris (pt.), Peters, MB. Ak. Berlin, 1869, p. 394 (C. yrandi- 

 dieri); Dobson, Cat. Chir. B. M. p. 70 (1878 : C. grandidieri). 



Eleutherura (««• Gray), Macalister, Phil. Trans. 1872, pi. xiii. 

 tigs. 1,4 (myology). 



Niatiius, 3Iiller, I. s. c. (4 June, 1906) ; id., Fam. >§• Gen. Bats, p. 49 

 (1907); Lyon. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. xxxiv. p. 665 1 (1908) ; 

 rJiomas Sf IVrovyhton. Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. (8) iii. p. 489 (1909 : 

 subgenus of Cynopterus) ; iid., J. Fed. Mai. St. Mus. iv. p. 109 

 (1909 : at most a subgenus of Cynopterus). 



Summari/ of characters. — Cranial rostrum short (orbit to narcs 

 less thnn lachrymal breadth), much lower at canine than at j)^ ; 

 postorbital foramen + large : foramen ovale and rotundum usually 



2 2 4 



united. Incisors ., -- 2 ; cheek-teeth ;- (m^ and m^ absent) ; upper 

 canine with secondary cusp on inner edge, but without vertical 

 groove on front face. Tail distinct ; interfemoral normal ; calcar 

 present ; ears narrowly ed^:ed with white ; males with conspicuous 

 neck-tufts. Forearm 54-90 mm. [Six species, sixteen recognizable 

 iorms. Hab. The Oriental Ilegion, extending east to Sangliir Is., 

 Celebes, and Timor.] 



Skull (fig. 48). — Short, broad, heavily built : shortness of skull 

 due chieHy to reduced length of rostrum ; basicranial axis nearly 

 horizontal, alveolar line if projected backward passing through 

 lower edge of occipital condyle (or very nearly so) ; occipital 

 portion short, without trace of tubular elongation, llostrum n:uch 

 shorter than in llousettus, shorter stilL than in Myonycteris, its 

 length (orbit to narcs) being decidedly less than breadth across 

 lower edges of lachrymal foramina ; ujiper profile line of rostrum 

 conspicuously descending postero-anteriorly, making depth above 

 canine considerably less than above p^ (compare Mefjarops, fig, o2, 

 p. 647). Premaxillae slender, slightly tapering above, subvertical, 

 in simple contact anteriorly. Orbit large, diameter about one- 

 fourth of total lengrh of skull, front of orbit above posterior half or 

 middle of p''. Postorbital processes short, but rather stout ; post- 

 orbital foramina large. Temporal ridges in smaller species often 

 remaining separate (though usually closely approximated), in 



* See footnote anlc'a, p. 448. t Misspelt Niadioi. 



* Through base uf postorbital process. 



