CYNOPTERTTS. 



ments of more than 200 specimens representing all species and 

 subspecies known : — 



Fur short; basal third or fourth of forearm clothed above ; tibia 

 practically naked above (thinly scattered hairs on basal third). 

 Colour of hair in fully adult individuals some tinge of brown on the 

 whole of the upperside, sometimes a nearly pure olive or bistre, but 

 more often lightened with raw-umber or tawny-olive or russet, 

 more rarely approaching Isabella or wood-brown ; breast and belly 

 usually some degree of drab or broccoli-brown, olten washed with 

 tawny-olive ; fur of sides of neck and foreneck in adult males 

 forming a conspicuous semirigid " ruff" contrasting iu colour with 

 underparts, varying from ochraceous through tawny, russet, or 

 cinnamon-rufous, to chestnut. The taxononiic value of the colour 

 of the fur is small, the individual being decidedly greater than the 

 specific variation ; in some species (e. g. C. sphinx) the adult 

 individuals show any gradation from dark (olive or bistre) to bright 

 colours, independent of sex and season, in others (e.g. C. b. ancju- 

 latiis) dark tinges are predominant, in others again (C. h. hrachyotis, 

 javanims, insularton) brighter tinges. In {he '■' Niadius" section 

 the ruff of adult males averages deeper, more saturated, in colour 

 than in the Cynopterus section. Ears (probably in all species 

 without exception) narrowly edged with white ; metacarpals and 

 phalanges of the three long digits often (not always !) whitish 

 or brownish white or whitish brown, contrasting with dark 

 membranes. 



Externally the species of Cynoptenis are generally easily dis- 

 tinguisliedfrom Bousettus of similar size by the shorter muzzle, more 

 projecting (subtubular) nostrils, much lieavier odontoid papilla' on 

 inner side of lips, white ear edgings (which, however, sometimes 

 completely disajipcar after death, both in alcoholic specimens and 

 skins), shorter and thinner tail, warmer tinges of the colour of the 

 upperside, more numerous (15-25, as against ]0-17) and more 

 narrowly spaced vertical fasciae of the niesopatagium, and by the 

 insertion of the membranes rather on the ^))Y«.YzaZ (tibial, "ex- 

 ternal'*') side of the first toe than on the dorsal surface of the 

 metatarsus at the base of first or second toe. 



Sexiial differentiation. — Ituff of adult males much more rigid and 

 averaging considerably deeper in colour than iu adult females. IS'o 

 sexual difference in size. 



Bange.—The whole of the Oriental Eegion, extending west to 

 the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, north to Sind, Nepal. Assam 

 (North Lakhimpur), and North Siam, south to Sumatra and Java, 



