cYNoriEKCs. 595 



canines are heavier, with stronger ciugulum, and a small but alwaj's 

 quite distinct supplementary (cingulum) cusp on the inner edge ; 

 ou the other hand, the incisors are slightly reduced, the crowns of 

 those iu the upper jaw less distinctly differentiated, i, smaller in 

 hulk than i^, and i^ a little shorter than i' (in certain other 

 Cynopterine genera i, disappears, and i- is more conspicuously 

 reduced in size, and in Ni/ctimene all lower incisors as well as i" 

 disappear). As a consequence o£ the heavier dentition, the zygo- 

 mata are deeper, more flaring, and more strongly curved upward 

 posteriorly, the rami of the mandible deeper, the coronoid process 

 broader, and the condyle of the mandible higher above the alveolar 

 line ; also the more horizontal (less deflected) position of the basi- 

 cranial axis is in all probability connected with the heavier dentition 

 (in llousettas and Pteropus weak dentition seems to be invariably 

 associated with greater, heavy dentition with less deflection of the 

 brain-case). The papillae on the inner side of the lips are much more 

 strongly developed. The external peculiarities of Cynoptcriis, as 

 compared with liouxettus, are few and (apart from the shorter 

 muzzle) rather trivial, but some of them are significant as fore- 

 shadowing further modifications in related genera. The nostrils 

 are decidedly more prominent, " subtubular " (a character carried 

 to an extreme in Nijctimcne), the tail a little more reduced (4 caudal 

 vertebrte as against 5-7 ; tail disappeared in certain other genera 

 of the Cynopterine section), the colours of the fur rather more 

 inclining to the brighter tinges of brown, and tlie unctuous hairs 

 on the sides of the neck and foreneck (" ruff") of males more con- 

 spicuously differentiated. 



Chronology of sjjecies and revisions of genus. — Thirt}' names occur 

 in literature for the sixteen forms of Cynopterus recognized in the 

 present Catalogue. The table on p. 596 gives the names in 

 chronological sequence, together with the authors, typo localities, 

 and identifications (the nnrabers in the last column indicate the 

 scijiience of the primary descriptions of the recognized species and 

 subspecies). 



As will be seen from the table, during one century (1797-1897) 

 seven of the sixteen now known forms were described, and twenty 

 names proposed for these seven forms ; the other nine forms have 

 been discovered during the last thirteen years (1898-1910). Peters, 

 when revising the genus in 1867, recognized three species of 

 " Ggnopterus," one of which, Tcmminek's vteJ((nocephah(s, must 

 however be separated as a distinct genus (^Chironax) ; the other two 

 v^ore marginahts {= spJiinx, tifthcecJieiJus, horsjieldi, and scherzeri) 

 and brevicaudatus (= hracliyotis). According to Graj- (1870) the 

 genus numbered two species, C. marginatus and coUarix, but the 

 latter is a Alyonj/cteris ; C. marginatus he divided into nine 

 " varieties," viz., ellioti ( = spJiin.v), cei/lo>iensis (subspecies of hrachy- 

 otis), tittlKtclifilas (subspecies of sphinx), brevicaudatus (perhaps 

 brachyofis). horsjieldi (distinct species), hrachyotis (=6. brachy- 

 otis), philippensis (= A. brachyotis), cumingi (= b. brachyotis), 

 and nigrescens (^= Thoopterus nigrescens). Bobson's "subgenus" 



2q2 



