68C KYCriMENE. 



anterior extremity of jaw and situated so close together as to be 

 quite or very nearly in contact, rather slender, somewhat curved, 

 in front view broadest at (a little above or below) middle, narrowest 

 at base and tip, cingulum well-developed, front face of crown 

 smooth, no secondary cusp. Premolars and molars in transverse 

 section similar to those of Ci/nopterus, but p- a little less reduced 

 in size, p^, p,, and p^ considerably higher, and with posterior basal 

 ledge (" heel ") more sharply marked off from outer main cusp of 

 teeth ; inner ridge of same teeth tending to become slenderer, more 

 terete and cusp-like, inner cusp in p^ situated not at anterior 

 extremity but rather toward middle of tooth, outer ridge in p^, p^, 

 and m^, or in one or two of these, often tending to be more or less 

 distinctly bilobed (see next paragraph) ; never any trace of surface 

 cusps in any cheek-tooth. 



Secondary cusp of upper canines ; " bilohate " shape of outer 

 ridge 0/ Pj, p^, and va^ — Many specimens of Nijctimene lack every 

 trace of a secondary cusp in the upper canines ; in others a shallow, 

 obtuse notch is present in the external (hinder) margin of the 

 tooth, below the middle ; the next stage is shown by specimens 

 with the notch abrupter and more rectangular ; and the final stage 

 by snch in which it has become deep and aoite, thus sharply 

 separating part of the external edge as a distinct " secondary 

 cusp"' from the main cusp of the canine. The variation in this 

 respect is to a considerable extent individual (see iV. papuaniis, 

 cephaloies, (/eminus, and aeUo in the table p. 687), but a strong 

 development of the secondary cusp is undoubtedly of more frequent 

 occurrence in the large N. (jeminus, major, and scitulus (but not in 

 aello) than in the smaller species. [For analogies to this cusp in 

 Nyctimene compare Pteropus tuhercidatus. PteraJopex, Harpyio- 

 w/cteris; the secondary cusp in the upper canines of Gynopterus 

 and Ptenochirns is entirely different, being a cingulum cusp on the 

 inner side of the tooth.] 



The cutting-edge of the outer ridge of Pg, p^, and m^ is in many 

 individuals perfectly simple, in others distinctly notched, but the 

 " notch " varies in development from the merest trace of a flatly 

 concave depression to a relatively sharp emargination, making in 

 the latter case the cutting-edge distinctly, though never deeply, 

 bilohate. The notch is more often developed in p^ than in p^ or 

 m , or, if present in all, usually strongest in p^. As in the case of 

 the secondary cusp of the upper canines, the variation is largely 

 individual (see N. papuanus, cephalotes, geminus, and nello in the 

 table p. 687) ; but as a general rule the notch appears to be most 

 frequently and most distinctly developed in those species (geminvs, 

 major, scitulus) which show a tendency to a strong development of 

 a secondary cusp in the upper canines. [For similar modifications 

 of the outer ridge compare m^ and m^ of Pterop^ls leucoptcrus, 

 p^, m^, and m^ of Pteralopex, p^ and m, of certain species of 

 Dohsonia (D. viridis group), p^, m,, and m^ of Hypsignathus, p^, m^, 

 ID^, and m, of Harpy ionycteris.'] 



