52 



1. Tiuo (listincf dorsals, separate or united only at the base. 



a. Scaks adherent. 



* Pseudofrt-anchia. 



** Pyloric appmclagcs in small numher. 

 a. Body oblong, flat. 



t D. with 7 spines. The anal fin without conspi- 

 cuous sjjiues ; operculum and prseoperculimi 

 spiniferous, without serratiu-cs ; scales minute... 31. Grammistes. 



+ D. with 8 spines. 



ft Scaks rather large. The dorsal fin moving 

 in a scaly sheath ; prajoperciJum with a 

 strong spine at the angle, and with an entire 

 lower limb 7. Psammopeuca. 



tt Scales rather small. 



aa. Operculum without spines 16. Centropomus. 



/3/3. Operculum spiniferous 34. Diploprion. 



t D. with 9 spines. Teeth on the tongue : the anal 

 fin generally with tlu-ee spines ; prseoperculum 

 with denticulations beneath ! 4. Labrax. 



I D. with 10 spines. The anal fin with two spines; 

 muciferous cavities of the bones of the skull 

 much developed ; pr;voperculum denticulated ; 

 scales small 10. Percarina. 



t D. with 12 spines. The anal fin with three spines ; 

 opercles with very long and pointed spines ; 

 scales very small 17. Niphon. 



t B. with 13-14 splines. The anal fin with two 

 spines ; pra'operculum and pra;orbital sen-ated ; 

 scales small ; head naked above 1 . Perca. 



/3. Body cylindrical, elongate. Mouth situated at the 

 lower side of the snout ; anal fin with a single 

 spine; prreoperculum serrated ; scales small 14. Aspro. 



** Pyloric appendages in increased numher. 



a. Form of body ohlong. Pseudobranchiro developed ; 

 tongue smooth ; the first dorsal with eleven, the 

 anal fin with thre« spines ; prteoperculimi with 

 strong spinous teeth beneath ; scales rather small. 8. Percalarrax. 



/3. Body and vertical fins greatly elevated. Prreoper- 



culum with spinous teeth at the angle 18. Enoplosus. 



* No pseudobranchim. 



** Praoperculum with strong spines at the lower border. 

 The first dorsal with seven to eight, the anal fin with 

 three spines; scales moderate; prseorbital strongly 

 serrated 5. Lates. 



** P/-(gopere!/lu7n with .smooth lower limb, and with a strong 



spine at the angle ; prceorbital entire 6. C.mdon. 



