450 RAjn'j. 



entirely smooth. Two dorsal fins on the tail, without spine. Tail 

 with a rudimentary caudal fin, or without caudal. Each ventral 

 fin divided into two by a deep notch. Xasal valves separated in 

 the middle, where they are without a free margin. Teeth obtuse 

 or pointed. Pectoral fins not extending forward to the extremity 

 of the snout. Sexes differing in the form of the teeth and in the 

 dermal spines. 



Seas of both hemispheres, more numerous in the northern than 

 in the southern. 



1. Raja clavata. 

 Thom-back. 

 Raja, Helium. Ue Aquat. p. 79; Rondel, pp. 353. 3.54 ; Gesner. Aqiiat. 



pp. 79-3, 797 ; Aldrov. p. 4*30 ; Wiliughby, pp. 74, 78, tab. D 2. 



ligs. 2 & 3 ; 'Salriaii. p. ] 49 ; Artedi. Syiion. p. 99. no. 2 : Geti. p. 71. 



no. 2 : Spec. p. 103. no. 1 ; Gronov. Mm. Ichih. i. p. 140, and 



Zoophyl. no. 1-54. 

 Eaja clavata, Z. Syst. Xat. i. p. 397j Bl. taf. &3; Lacip. L p. 128; 



£1. Schn. p. .3G<3; Hisso, Ichth. JVjce, p. 11, and E»r. M6rid. vd. 



p. 146; Mout-agii. in Werner. Mem. ii. p. 416; Fries, in Vet.Ahad. 



HandJ. 18;>9. p. 1.5. pi. 2. fig. 1, pi. 3. figs. 1-3, 7; Jenyns, Man. 



p. 516 ; Frief &■ El:str. .Skand. FC'k. p. 1-54. tab. io : ' Mull 6- Henie. 



p. ]:-;o: Yarreli. Brit. Fi.'sh. 2nd edit. ii. p. 582, or .3rd edit. ii. 



p 581 ; Barneli, Werner. Mem. vii. p. 436, tab. 42 ; iJonor. Brit. 



Fish. ii. pL 26 ; Gronor. .Si/«f. ed. Gray, p. ; Kroy. Danm. Fisk. 



in. p. 962 ; Kesslfr. BuU. Srx-. Xat. Mo^c. 1859. iL p. 475 ; XHss. 



Skand. Faun. Fi.sk. p. 735 : LhimerU, Fla.gmobr. p. 528. 



rubus, Bl. taf. 84, iiL p. 67 ; Bl. Schn. p. 366 ; Lacep. i. p. 107. 



cu^ieria, Laeep. i. p. 141. pi. 7. fig. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 367 ; XeUl, 



Werner. Mem. i. p. 554 ; Flem. Brit. Aj\. p. 172. 



aspero, Bisso, Ichih. Xice. p. .5. and Fur. Merid. iii. p. 147. 



Thorn-back. Penn. Brit. Zool iii. p. m. pis. 11 & 12, and, ed. 1812, 



iii. p. 122, pis. 13 & 14. 

 Duhamel, Pesche^, iii. sect is., pi. 8. figs. 1—4, pL 9. figs. 1 & 2. 

 Dasyljatis clavata, B'ainv. Faun. Fr. p. 33, tab. 5 c fig. 2; Bonap. 



Faun. ItaJ. 



rubus, Blainv. I. c. p. 21. tab. 3 c. fig. 1. 



Raja punctata, HoUhery, Giifh. Vet. -V. HandL iv. p. 25 (young). 

 pontica. PaUos, Zvigr. B/xs.-Af. iii. p. 58, pi. 8 ; Rathke, in 



Mem. Sav. eirany. Ac. Sc. Peter sb. 1837, iii. p. 309. pis. 9 & 10. 

 Monstrosity : Germix. Compt. Bend. 1864, ii. p. 802. 



Angle of the extremity of the snout obtuse. Tlie distance be- 

 tween the outer margins of the nostrils equals their distance from 

 the end of the snout. Teeth rather lai^e. Outer pectoral angle 

 nearly a right one. Body more or less covered with small spiny 

 asperities, especially the snout and interorbital space. Supraorbital 

 ridge with a claw-hke sftine in front, and another behind. Back 

 and tail with a median row of large spines. Brown, with lighter 



Favn. Fish. p. 370 : Storer, Men. Amer. Acad. ii. 1^67, p. 242, pi. 39. 

 fig. 2 ; Baia balls, .^iorer, Eeport. p. 193. — Coasts oi the United States. 

 13. Eaja mosaica, Caj.elh, Jorn. Acad. Sc. Lisb. 18G9, p. 150, tab. 9. fig. 3 

 not synon.^ {R. undulata, p. 238). — Lisbon. 



