312 Observations on Insects affecting the Turni.j) Crops. 



as in P. BrassiccB ; legs, excepting the coxae, bright ochraceous, 

 tips of feet pitchy; length rather more than 1 line, expanse 

 21 lines. 



We now come to the 2nd species of White Butterfly injurious 

 to turnips ; it likewise feeds upon cabbages, mignonette, nastur- 

 tiums, &c. ; it makes its appearance with the White Cabbage- 

 Butterfly, which it very much resembles, but is smaller; the eggs 

 vary, and the caterpillar and pupa are quite different : from its 

 feeding on the turnip it is called in England the " Small White " 

 or " Turnip Butterfly,'' and for the same reason Linnaeus named it 



C). Pontia Rapap (fig. 14) : the male is white, the superior 

 wings have black tips dusted with white, and the inferior wings 

 have a black spot on the upper edge : the female is similar, but 

 has two large black spots likewise beyond the centre of the su- 

 perior wings ; underside of the same white, the apex yellow, and 

 two black spots beyond the middle, the lower one sometimes 

 nearly obliterated; inferior wings yellow, freckled with black: 

 length of male 8 lines, expanse about 2 inches; the female is 

 larger and sometimes of a duller colour ; but I possess a male, 

 taken near Oldham in Lancashire, which has all the wings of a 

 bright yellow colour. 



The female lays her eggs simjly on the under sides of the 

 leaves, and they are not very unlike those of P. Brassicoi in form 

 and sculpture, but the caterpillars are totally different, being 

 green and so densely clothed with minute hairs as to be velvety ; 

 they have a yellowish stripe down the back and another along each 

 side, the belly being of a paler brighter green ; they are often 

 more than an inch long, and about as thick as a large crow-quill 

 (fig. 15) : they change to a chrysalis, suspended in like manner 

 to fig. 8, but it is of a pale flesh-brown, freckled with black (fig. 

 16). 



The 3rd species is the " Rape-seed," or " Green-veined White 

 Butterfly," to which Linnaeus, from its feeding upon the cole-seed, 

 gave the appellation of 



7. Pontia Napi (fig. 17) : the rnale is white, head, thorax, and 

 body black, clothed with yellowish down ; superior wings with the 

 tips powdery black and the nervures greyish ; inferior wings with 

 a black spot on the upper margin, and the dark nervures shining 

 through. Female with the nervures in the superior wings darker, 

 the apex blacker, and two large black spots beyond the middle : 

 under side of superior wings with the same two black spots ; the 

 apex is yellow and the nervures are dark, forming grey stripes : 

 the inferior wings are pale-yellow, with the nervures still more 

 distinct, from the broad grey margin which surrounds them. In 

 some examples the nervures are much less strongly marked, which 

 may be a difference between the spring and autumnal broods, or 



