ill Denmark, Sweden, and Russia. 415 



names of places^ such as Skipsted (ship station), Segelflod (sail- 

 stream), which are now far from the sea, — as well as the records 

 of sea-fights having taken place where this land now exists. It 

 may be supposed, therefore, that this country of North Jutland 

 partakes in some degree of that elevatory movement by which so 

 much of the opposite land of Sweden and Norway is known to be 

 gradually raised above the level of the sea. 



Yet a section observed by Professor Forchhammer on the 

 shores of the Lyme Fiord (at Krabbesholm near Skiva) would 

 appear to indicate that this district has partaken within historic 

 times of an alternate movement, rather than one of continued 

 elevation. Beneath 12 inches of soil, on which natural oak-wood 

 is growing, he found an oyster-bed 8 feet in thickness, and below 

 this, at the sea level, a bed of sand containing deer's-horns and 

 stone axes. It would appear therefore that, since the land was 

 inhabited by a people who used stone axes, it had been sub- 

 merged in the waters of the sea long enough to admit of this large 

 bed of oyster-shells being formed, and afterwards gradually raised 

 again. This inference in regard to the submersion may not be 

 considered as fully justified, since the relics may have been carried 

 down into deep water, but there seems little reason to doubt that 

 the land has actually risen. 



The cattle, which form so important an article of export from 

 Jutland, are chiefly reared by the peasants, sold by them at the 

 age of two or three years to the large farmers or proprietors, who 

 keep them till they are five or six, when they are sold off to the 

 marsh-lands of Holstein and Sleswick, where another season 

 fattens them. In Jutland they are fed during the winter on hay, 

 chopped straw, and buckwheat. The late maturity of these 

 cattle will enable the stock-farmer to judge both of the value of 

 the breed as raisers of beef, and of the money value of the land 

 on which they are fed. The value of the Danish breed cannot 

 be expected materially to improve until the proprietors become 

 themselves the raisers of stock, and by the growth of green food 

 are enabled to promote their growth during the winter as well as 

 the summer. 



Most of the land in this district is cultivated by the proprietors, 

 who retain inspectors or overseers at a fixed salary. Some is 

 rented out ready stocked, to tenants who pay a fixed rent for 

 land, stock, and implements together. At the expiry of his agree- 

 ment the tenant leaves everything as he found it. This system 

 formerly prevailed in certain parts of Scotland. Some of the rents 

 are paid in kind — in corn or butter ; and when this is the case the 

 system is similar to the Mezzadria in Italy, only that in Jutland 

 the quantity of produce paid is now fixed ; other rents are paid in 

 money. The Forpagters, or tenants, are in general so very poor 



