THE PAMRA1 RANGE. 295 



society having as its object the improvement of the agricultural and 

 horticultural resources of a country, have selected a finer field for 

 operations than that of the Punjab, seeing that in it we have the 

 greatest capabilities presented in rich soil, vast waste tracts, 

 ample means of irrigation, and a pliant hard-working agricultural 

 population. Of cultivation, finer examples could not be met with 

 than in the upper parts of the Baree and Retcha Doabs, the 

 country from Sealkote to Denanuggur via Zufferwal Noor-Ke-Kote, 

 and Sehdial, being one field of the richest vegetation, proving the 

 good characters of the natives as agriculturists, and the richness of 

 the soil. But to examine this tract of country, a good rainy 

 season must be selected, as on the elements the Zemindars 

 entirely depend for water for their crops. We have traversed 

 at all seasons of the year most of the finer portions of the 

 North-western Provinces, but nowhere have we seen better and 

 cleaner cultivation, and finer crops than in the tracts above- 

 mentioned. 



We have stated that, in proceeding to the north from Lahore, 

 no rocks are met with in situ until we met the Salt range. 

 Forming the northern boundary of the Jullunder, and other Doabs, 

 we find a series of small ranges of hills, composed of sand, sand- 

 stone, conglomerate, and marls. These low ranges form the 

 Kohistan of the Punjab, and may be considered as a mere con- 

 tinuation of the Sevalick range, met with between the Ganges 

 and Jumna. Here, before reaching the range, we have to pass 

 through a dense grass jungle thickly studded with trees. Not so 

 in the Jullunder Doab ; here no jungle exists ; scarcely a tree, 

 comparatively speaking, is to be seen even to the base of the hills. 

 The hills themselves, rising to a height of from five to fifteen 

 hundred feet above the level of the sea, are like the Sevalicks, 

 bare and barren in the extreme, with, here and there, some dwarf 

 Cheers (Pinus longifolia), Bastard Toon (Cedrela Ougeinensis), and 

 other trees. Proceeding from Hooshiarpore to the north towards 

 Kangra, we, after a march of about four miles, reach the first 

 range of hills, and traverse it by a winding course through the bed 

 of a small stream. This range is styled the Pamrai range, and 

 is about six miles in breadth. In crossing it by a tedious 

 winding course through the bed of a nullah, containing but little 

 water, we find numerous sections, illustrating the nature of the 

 formation of which the range consists. The range consists of 

 beds of sand and sandstone, with boulders embedded and mixed 

 up with red and green marls, showing that it has been formed 



