350 



JOURNAL OP HOETICULTUEB AND COTTAGE GAEDENEE. 



[ AprU 25, 18 72. 



bv Tamarix mannifera, Ehr. As -n-itli many other mannas it is 

 tne result of the punctures of an insect, which in the present 

 case is Coccus mannipai-us, H. A- Eh); 



Tlie manna, consequently, collected in 18G9 at Liebfrauenherg, 

 had not the same origin as' the Sinai manna, though it had the 

 same composition. At the time of its appearance upon the Lime 

 no insects were obsen-able. It was later that a few aphides 

 were seen glued upon a certain number of the leaves. 



After having washed the extremity of a branch, glutinous 

 points were seen gradually to i-ise; at first scarcely perceptible, 

 they increased each day, so as finally to cover the whole of the 

 upper surface of the leaf. This slow and progressive develop- 

 ment of the honeydew was clearlj' effected without the interven- 

 tion of aphides, which did not make their appearance till subse- 

 quently, hke the fUes and bees, either to feed upon the secretion 

 or to pilfer it. 



In a subsequent number Hartiug states that honeydew is pro- 

 duced by Aphis Tiliie, which, living on the under surface of the 

 leaves of the Lime, drops its excrement on the upper surface of 

 the leaves beneath. Analysed by Gunning at Amsterdam, it 

 proved to consist of cane sugar. Boussingault remarked, in 

 reply, that the manna of Liebfrauenberg, like the Sinaitie manna 

 analysed by Berthelot, contained, in addition to cane sugar, fruit 

 sugar and dextrine. He added, also, that the leaves of the Lime 

 contain considerable amounts of cane sugar almost piu'e, the 

 origin of which could not be attributed to insects. 



Professor Dyer then quoted Goethe, as saying, "I have seen 

 Limes, of which the leaves seemed varnished, but where not a 

 single insect was visible. The juice is secreted by the plant 

 itself." Mr. Hanbury infoiTaed him that he noticed the exuda- 

 tion of a saccharine matter from a Canella, and that after re- 

 peated cleansings it still made its appearance. He had seen 

 also the occurrence of minute crystals of sugar upon the corolla 

 of the Azalea. De Candolle mentions the same thing iu Rhodo- 

 dendron ponticum. Tliis is, however, different to the secretion 

 which takes place on leaves, because it is probably merely due 

 to the loss of water from the flower preparatoi-y to fading. 



De Candolle remarks that granular secretions are found on 

 the young shoots of the Larch, and are collected locally under the 

 name of manna of Briani,'OU ; they also occur on Salix alba, and 

 upon some other trees. " We cannot afih-m," he says, either 

 that they are a natural excretion, or that they are produced by 

 insects." Dr. Masters states that a manna-like substance is pro- 

 duced from species of Alhagi, and that it is an exudation from 

 the leaves and branches of the plant only appearing in hot 

 weather. Saline secretions from leaves have been more fi-equently 

 observed. De Saussure states that an accumulation of saline 

 matters at their surface often occurs in garden vegetables, 

 transpiration beinff impeded, the leaves are ultimately destroyed. 

 De Candolle found a saline secretion from the leaves of a Keau- 

 muria to consist of carbonates of soda and potash. — (English 

 Mechanic and World of Science.) 



Proposed New Fkiit and Flower Market. — An important 

 report was brought up by the Markets Committee of the Com- 

 mon Council on the proposal to build a new market for fruit, 

 flowers, and vegetables in the City. They stated that in 1864 

 it was referred to them to examine the state and condition of 

 Fai-ringdon market, and to report whether any and what 

 repairs were requh-ed to be done, and whether aiiy improve- 

 ments and alterations could be made in its constnictiou to 

 make it more advantageous for letting. After some delay, 

 occasioned by the fact of great improvements being under- 

 taken in that neighbourhood, they considered the reference, 

 and having confen-ed with the president and several members 

 of the Mai-ket Gai'deners' Association on the subject, they 

 directed the City architect to prepare and lay before them 

 plans for the construction of a market for vegetables on the 

 site of the existing market, on a level with Farringdon Street, 

 and a market for flowers and fruit over the same, on a level 

 with Shoe Lane. After further conferences with the Associa- 

 tion and the fruit and flower growers, the scheme had been 

 amended to meet their suggestions. The report was opposed 

 on the gi-ounds that just as Columbia market could not com- 

 pete with BiUingsgate, so no City creation would dispossess 

 Covent Garden in the matter of fruit and flowers. An amend- 

 ment approving the principle of erecting a new market, but 

 postponing the consideration of the plan, was negatived. The 

 report of the Committee was then adopted, and authority was 

 given to them to apply to Parliament for the requisite powers, 

 and to raise the necessary sum. 



MOUSE TEAPS. 

 I opser\-ed what your correspondent Mr. Record said with 

 reference to the trap for mice I submitted to your notice, yet 

 I saw more thau one objection to the trap he suggested.' I 



found, as I expected, that making the wire and getting it 

 through the pea was quite as much trouble as making the trap 

 I had suggested. I also found Mr. Record's trap exceedingly 

 diflicult to set in such a manner as to be at fill likely to be 

 efi'ective ; but that, I think, was in a great measure owing to 

 nsing so weighty a fall as a brick, which causes the wire to 

 bind too tightly. For mice I am quite sure a roofing tile is 

 heavy enough, and would be more certain from the extra 

 space covered, besides its admitting of the trap being set to go 

 off with a slight touch. Made with two bricks I do not believe 

 in the trap ; but made with a brick and tile it probably would 

 answer for mice. I like the trap shown at page 314 much 

 better than Sir. Record's (it is an old acquaintance), but it 

 shoiild be set with a roofing tile, which is lighter, and answers 

 every pui'pose. I think it is far preferable for the bait to lie 

 on the surface of the ground , as the beau does in my trap. 

 I could make and set one of my traps in less time than I 

 could get the wire of Mr. Record's trap through the pea, 

 which would have to be soaked, and even then it is a delicate 

 operation. — Bboad Bean. 



I CERTAixLY Consider Mr. MundeU's mode of catching mice to 

 be the most sunple, and the best of all that have been noticed 

 in your paper. To bait it I soak some peas for a few hours, 

 and then with a needle and strong thread string about six peas 

 together, and set the trap in the same way as figured iu 

 page 314. Instead of using the common brick I have a thiu 

 kind of brick, generally used for paving, as I find it answers 

 better. I have never failed to catch every mouse in the garden 

 with this kind of trap. — 0. Orpet, Cirencexicr. 



NOTES AND GLE.ANINGS. 

 The Royal Horticultural Society have placed at the 

 disposal of the Nottingham Horticultural Society, and the 

 St. Ann's (Amateur) Horticultural Society, gold medals to be 

 competed for at these Societies' meetings in 1873, 1874, and 

 1875. This has been done as a recognition of the support 

 received by the Royal Horticultural on the occasion of its last 

 provincial Show. We are requested to state that aU coUections 

 intended to compete for the Society's prize for Hurtful Insects 

 must be sent to the Assistant Secretaiy, South Kensington, on 

 or before May 1st. 



We are informed that Mr. William Paul will hold a 



show of Roses, Pelargoniums, Ac, at the Ciystai Palace, com- 

 mencing May 25th. 



Weather. — A letter from Yeovil dated the 21st inst. 



says — " Snow faUiug fast. If the frost continues, good-bye to 

 the fruit crops." 



We have to record this week the death oi, facile princejm, 



the most eminent of vegetable physiologists, Professor Hugo von 

 MoHL, which took place on April 1st at Tiibingen. You Mohl 

 was born at Stuttgart in 1805, and in 1835 was appointed 

 Professor of Botany and Director of the Botanic Garden at 

 Tiibingen, a position he has held ever since. Conjointly with 

 Schlechtendal , and since his death with Professor de Baiy, 

 formerly one of his pupils, he has been editor of the weekly 

 " Botanische Zeitung " since its commencement in 1843. He 

 was one of the foreign members of the Liuueau Society, having 

 been elected as long ago as 1837. Von Mohl has been a copious 

 and most accurate writer on subjects connected with vegetable 

 anatomy and physiology, of which he may be said to have laid 

 the secure foundation in his early investigations of the true 

 relations of ceU-membrane and contents. Among his original 

 observations we may esijecially mention his essay on the Struc- 

 ture of Endogens, published by Von Martins in his " Historia 

 Palmarum," and on the Stem-structure of Cycads in the 

 " Vegetable Cell," which appeared in Rudolph Wagner's 

 " Handworterbuch ;" on the Origin and Structure of Stomates ; 

 on Cuticle ; ou the Structure of CeU-membrane ; on the Stnic- 

 ture and Anatomical relations of Chlorophyll ; on the Multi- 

 phcationof Plant-cells by division, and numerous other essajs 

 collected in his " Yennischte Schriften." — {Nature.) 



WORK FOB THE WEEK. 



KITCHEN GARDEN. 



Where Bioccoli and Winter Greens are coming off, the 

 gi'ound should be deeply trenched, the steins placed at the 

 bottom of the trench, and quicklime strewed over them. If 

 the ground is intended to be again planted with any of the 



