312 



CARNIVORA 



of upper carnassial, but with well developed cutting edge both 

 in front and behind ; paraconid near middle of anterior portion 

 of crown ; its general form like posterior cusp of upper carnassial, 

 its connnissure bearing essentially the same relation to that of 

 protoconid as in the case of the two cusps of the upper tooth, 

 except that tlie relative lengths of the cutting edges is reversed ; 

 metaconid small but evident, at postero-internal base of proto- 

 conid ; liypoconid and entoconid low, occupying the posterior edge 

 of a well developed though relatively small heel (area of heel 

 scarcely more than one-third that of anterior portion of tooth) 

 separated from the cusjjs of the main triangle by a wide transverse 

 groove ; crown area of entoconid equal to about half that of 

 hypoconid, its cusp apjaroximately the same size as that of meta- 

 conid. Second lower molar essentially like heel of carnassial 

 but larger, its two anterior cusps corresponding in size and form 

 with liypoconid and entoconid of the large tooth, the posterior 

 edge of its crown with a small outer cusp resembling the antero- 

 inner, and sometimes with a slightly developed inner ridge or 

 rudimentary fourth cusp. Third lower molar single-rooted, the 

 crown subterete, about as large as that of first premolar, with low 

 central cusp and rudimentary longitudinal ridge. First upper 

 molar large, with high outer two-cusped sectorial portion and low 

 inner crushing portion, the two areas sliarjjly differentiated, the 

 antero-posterior diameter of the outer decidedly greater than that 

 of inner ; 23aracone and metacone conical, terete, with slightly 

 developed anterior and 2:)osterior cutting ridges, the area and 

 height of metacone about two-thirds those of paracone, the width 

 of base of which is at least equal to width of inner portion of 

 tooth ; protocone very low, with low but distinct anterior and 

 posterior commissures, each of which joins cingulum at base of 

 corresponding large outer cusps, and each of which bears an 

 intermediate cusp soon disappearing with wear, the posterior 

 intermediate cusp larger and more definite in form than anterior 

 cusp ; hypocone ridge-like, at postero-inner border of crown, 

 separated from protocone and its posterior commissure by a deep 

 groove. Second upper molar with about half the crown area of 

 first, its elements essentially the same, though so reduced that 

 tlie paracone is scarcely larger than protocime of large tooth, 

 intermediate cusps on commissures of protocone are barely 

 indicated, and hypocone is not distinguishable as a cusp distinct 

 from the cingulum. In both molars the cingulum on outer border 

 is narrow and inconspicuous relatively to the broad cusps ; in 

 region between paracone and metacone of m^ it is usually 

 obsolete (compare figs. 61 and 62). 



Remarks. — The material availal^Ie for study has been so poor 

 tliat I have found it impossible to come to any conclusion with 

 regard to the existence of local forms of the European Wolf. 

 The following races have been distinguished by INlr. Caljrera. 

 There seems to be no good reason to doubt their validity. 



