RANGIFER 979 



approaching wood-brown on head, back, and legs, darker, almost 

 blackish on tail, throat, and underside of body. 



Measurements. — Adult male from Stenkjter, Trondhjem, 

 Norway : head and body about 2900 ; tail, 95 ; hind foot, 855 ; 

 ear, 330 ; height at shoulder, 1900. For cranial measurements 

 see Table, p. 984. 



Specimens examined. — Twelve, from the following localities : — 

 Norway: Stenkjser, Trondhjem, Norway, 1 (U.S.N.M.). No exact 

 locality, 1 (U.S.N.M.). 



Sweden : No exact locality, 9 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.). Udoholm 1. 



Single antler. Udoholm, Sweden. Earl of Selkirk (p). 703. d. 



6 antlers. Sweden. College of Surgeons (p). 703. e. 



(From the Leverian !Museum.) 

 7 pairs of Sweden. Purchased. 3. 11. 21. 1-7. 



antlers. 



Genus RANGIFER Hamilton Smith. 



1827. Rangifer Hamilton Smith, Griffith's Cuvier, Animal Kingdom, v, 



p. 304. 

 1827. Tarandus Billberg, Synopsis Famise Scandinavise, i, p. 22. 

 1838. Procerus Serres, Essai sur les Cavernes a Ossements, 3rd ed., p. 143. 

 1840. Procervus Blainville, Comptes Rendus, Acad. Sci., Paris, xi, p. 392 



(Substitute for Procerus). 

 1845. Achlis Reichenbach, Vollstandigste Naturgesch. des In- und Auslands, 



Saugeth., iii, p. 12 (Alternative for Tarandus). 



Type species. — Cervus tarandus Linnseus. 



Geographical distribution. — Northern forests and barren 

 grounds of both hemispheres ; in the Old World north to 

 Spitzbergen ; Novaya Zemlaya ? 



Characters. — Telemetacarpalian deer of medium size, with 

 lateral hoofs functional and main hoofs so broadened that the 

 outline of the two together is nearly circular, maxillary canine 

 present in both sexes; lower incisors (fig. 211) relatively smaller 

 than in other recent deer, slightly differentiated in both size and 

 form ; lachrymal vacuity large, the pit shallow and ill-defined ; 

 vomer high posteriorly, completely dividing posterior nares into 

 two chambers ; skull normal in general form, but orbital 

 cavities not pushing back under bases of horn pedicles ; antlers 

 usually present in both sexes, beginning to develop within four 

 or five weeks after birth, the beam slender and curved, slightly 

 palmate distally ; muzzle entirely hairy ; young not spotted with 

 white, their colour essentially like that of adults. 



Bemarhs. — About sixteen forms of living Reindeer have been 

 described, most of them from North America. At least three 

 occur in western Europe or have done so within very recent 

 times. 



3 R 2 



