PRIMITIVE WEAPONS AND AKMOK OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 21 



form, and a broader nose. The Malay, by far the more numerous, 

 has an average stature of 157 to 164 centimeters (5 feet to 5 feet 

 ;^ inches), and a head form with index varying from 80 to 85. The 

 Indonesian is more sturdily built, has shorter legs, and a more 

 prominent bony framework. The two types are alike in that they 

 resemble the generalized Mongoloid strain in the coarse, lanl^y 

 structuje of the hair, in skin color, in the round head form, and in 

 facial features. Most of the population of the Philippine Islands 

 is of the Mala/ type. It includes all of the Christian tribes of Luzon 

 and the Visayan Islands and the Moro of Mindanao and Jolo as 

 well. The Indonesian stock includes most of the more primitive and 

 non-Christian tribes of Luzon and of the southern islands. 



One explanation of the separate physical stocks existing in the 

 Philippines lies in the recognition of the fact that their migration 

 to the Philippines must have occurred at widely removed dates. 

 The Negritos probably came first, the Indonesians later, and the 

 Malay at a still later date and presumably in superior numbers. 

 In some of the other large islands of Indonesia and Malaysia similar 

 conditions exist. It is also striking that the same juxtaposition 

 of habitat of these same three stocks occurs in Java, Sumatra, 

 and in Borneo, where the aboriginal Negrito has been deprived 

 of most of his territory and pushed into the most widely scattered 

 and inaccessible regions, surrounded by the longer-headed and 

 brown-skinned Indonesians, who also dwell in the mountainous in- 

 terior, while the more highly civilized Malay occupies the coast 

 and the interior river valleys. 



Local modifications of racial type may be observed at many places 

 in the Philippines, so that in addition to the three main racial 

 elements, admixture of European and oriental blood may be traced 

 through the occupation of certain localities by representatives of 

 those peoples in the past. Then, the hybridization of Negrito, 

 Indonesian, and Malay occurs to a greater or less extent on the 

 borders of their respective territories, so that the striking thing- 

 is the clear-cut division in culture which exists among the various 

 elements in spite of racial admixture. 



Histancal culture contacts with Asia and Europe. — The Philip- 

 pines have enjoyed accretions of population by way of immigra- 

 tion from the Asiatic mainland and the great semicontinental islands 

 of the East Indies lying to the south, but have received many 

 contributions of material culture as well. The history of the 

 Philippine Islands does not extend beyond their discovery to the 

 Spanish by Magellan in 1521, but this does not preclude a com- 

 parison of the various layers or strata of culture which have re- 

 mained to the present day. Disregarding the recent educational 



