PRIMITIVE WEAPONS AND ARMOR OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 67 



Hairy Kamplian. — This weapon dcuotert considerable ranli on the part of tlie 

 bearer. It is ornamented witli a tuft or tufts of human or horse hair at 

 the sides of the handle. The wooden handle is large, highly ornamented 

 with carvings ; bifid pommel. The large wooden cross guard is often pro- 

 vided with sword breaker and wrist protector. Moro. Weapon not essen- 

 tially Filipino, but introduced by way of Borneo. North Bornean forms 

 resemble it, as do also the north Celebes types with spur point at distal 

 end. The weapon resembles the parang-ihlang. 



Head Ax. — The head ax is most developed in the Philippines. It is found in 

 two areas — north Luzon, among the hill tribes " Igorot ", as Apiao, Bontoc, 

 Kalinga, and according to Dean Worcester, also the Negritos of north- 

 eastern Luzon ; and Mindanao, among the Moro and other near-by tribes. 

 It is not developed to such extent elsewhere, but its growth seems to have 

 been from the Dyak chopper through the talibong. The Igorot head ax, 

 which may be taken as a type, is squarish with short proportions ; the 

 Kaliuga axes are more slender, curved, and have longer spur ; the handle 

 spur is usual, but is often omitted by the Moro ax m:iker. The Apiao 

 and Negrito types often take the deeply concavo-convex form of a crescent 

 with the cutting edge on the under or convex side. Haftiug is uniformly 

 effected by means of tang and ferrule of iron. Socketing is unusual. 



Insurkecto Weapons. — There are many examples of sword types with guards, 

 sword breaker, grip, and scabbard of foreign and modern type, usually 

 Spanish. These vary in shape from the Toledo blades of the Spanish to the 

 ordinary bayonet-dagger type as found on modern Army rifles. Such weapons 

 are easily recognized as modern in design and of non-Filipino origin by the 

 leather scabbard, the machined and curved cross guard, the quality of the 

 steel blade, its workmanship and design, and by the handle grip which, if 

 genuine native production, is the most typically Malayan feature, but 

 which, if of recent production under foreign influence, shows most traces 

 of acculturation. 



Kampilan. — A long blade widening to a truncated distal end. The weapon if^> 

 employed by the Moro private soldier. Large wooden handle sometimes 

 highly carved. Sword breaker and wooden cross guard always present. 



Kris. — A badge of leadership either in the field of battle or politically. The 

 blade is double-edged, is either straight or wavy, and is usually orna- 

 mented both as to blade and handle. The blade has a wide disti'ibution 

 throughout Malaysia and southeastern Asia. Some of the older forms are 

 ceremonial in usage, others are merely for lavish display of wealth and 

 rank. The origin of the kris is, like that of the barong, unknown. In the 

 Philippines it is practicall.v unknown, except to the Moro ot Mindanao and 

 of the Sulu Archipelago. 



Kris Dagger.— The most ancient form of side weapon. The usual type occurs 

 with wavy blade and wooden, ivory, or horn handle set at right angles to 

 the blade. The number of wave crests is usually greater than on the wavy 

 kris. Ornamentation of handle is invariably a zoomorph in design and re- 

 sembles the form of a generalized serpent or mylhical creature resembling 

 in some respects the dugong or sea cow. The carving in the round incorpo- 

 rates the entire handle as a part and is more realistic than if a purely 

 surface decoration. 



Parang-ihlang. — Long, straight blade resembling the kampilan, widening to- 

 ward the distal end, which is usually truncated at a slope from the back 

 toward the edge. The design on the wooden handle is usually a conven- 

 tional zoomorph. Moro weapon after the fashion of the Kayan of Borneo. 



Parang-i.atok. — The parang-latok resembles the ihlang in most features, ex- 

 cept that the blade is sharply curved at an angle of nearly 30 degrees to 



