238 RESULTS OF THE JOURNEY 



sented by very nearly allied species, showing that the 

 communication across the Pole has been interrupted at a 

 comparatively modern geological epoch : — 



White-tailed Eagle. 



Hobby. 



Merlin. 



Goshawk. 



Sparrow-hawk. 



Hen-harrier. 



Eagle-owl. 



Black Woodpecker. 



Three-toed Woodpecker. 



Cuckoo. 



Magpie. 



Siberian Jay. 



Tree Sparrow. 



Scarlet Bullfinch. 



Brambling. 



Reed-bunting. 



Ruff. 



Temminck's Stint. 



Common Snipe. 



Great Snipe. 



Whimbrel. 



Common Crane. 



Wild Swan. 



Bean-goose. 



Skylark. 



Red throated Pipit. 



Green Wagtail. 



Blue-throated Warbler. 



Wheatear. 



Lapp Tit. 



Common Swallow. 



Hazel Grouse. 



Little Ringed Plover. 



Oystercatcher. 



Greenshank. 



Wood Sandpiper. 



Curlew Sandpiper. 



Spotted Redshank. 



Common Sandpiper. 



Bar-tailed Godwit. 



Teal. 



Wigeon. 



Tufted Duck. 



Velvet Scoter. 



Black Scoter. 



Smew. 



Common Gull. 



From the length of this list it might be reasonable to 

 assume that ornithologists are right in separating the Ne- 

 arctic region from the Palaearctic region, and that it would 

 be an error, even as far as Arctic birds only are considered, 

 to unite the two together into one circumpolar region. A 

 more minute examination of the list may, however, lead us 

 to a different conclusion. It is not correct to speak of a 

 bird as an Arctic species unless its breeding-grounds are 

 principally within the Arctic circle. We must, therefore, 

 eliminate from our list those species whose breeding- 

 grounds are principally south of the Arctic circle, and 

 only extend beyond it at the extreme northern limit of 

 their range. This will dispose of thirty of the species we 



