8 MANUAL OF PHILIPriNE BIRDS. 



g^. Hind toe well developed and inserted on the level of the anterior 

 toes; claws not excessively lengthened; loral or orbital region 



or both naked Ardeiformes (p. 157) 



g^. Hind toe if present, small and inserted above the level of the 

 rest; or else size of bird small (less than 1 meter), loral and 

 orbital regions fully feathered and middle claw not pectinate. 

 liK If more than I meter long the hind toe short and elevated; if 

 less than I meter long the hind toe not elevated, 

 t^. Size very large: hind toe small and elevated. 



Gruiformes (p. 15o) 

 i". Size medium to small: hind toe not elevated. 



Ralliformes (p. 65) 



h-. Less than 1 meter long, usually much less; the hind toe if 



present, short and elevated, or if long the claws excessively 



long and wings spurred Charadriiformes (p. 98) 



f-. Lower portion of thighs feathered; or else middle and outer toes 

 united for at least half their length, the bill if lengthened not 

 grooved along the side. 

 g^. Bill strongly hooked and with a distinct cere at base of upper 

 mandible, 

 /i'. Toes three in front; or else outer toe reversible; claAvs sharp 

 and powerful, 

 i'. No facial disk of modified feathers; plumage normal, com- 

 pact; nostrils generally not concealed by bristles. 



Accipitriformes (p. 210) 



i-. Eyes surrounded by a disk of modified feathers; plumage 



soft and fluflfy; nostrils usually concealed by stiff bristles. 



Strigiformes (p. 249) 

 h-. Toes two in front and two behind, the outer toe permanently 



reversed; claws small and dull Psittaciformes (p. 272) 



g". Bill not strongly hooked and without a cere at base of upper 

 mandible. 



h\ Hind toe small and elevated Galliformes (p. 9) 



]r. Hind toe or toes well developed and on the same level as the 

 anterior toes. 

 /'. Upper mandible with a soft swollen base. 



Columbiformes' (p. 23) 

 }-. Bill witliout a soft swollen base. 



j\ Toes two in front, two behind; rarely two in front and one 

 behind, then the bill straight and the rectrices stift" and 

 pointed. 

 A'. Two toes in front united for their basal joint. 



l\ Inner toe reversed, tail graduated .... Trogones (p. 362) 

 1-. Outer toe reversed, tail nearly square. 



Scansores (p. 389) 

 k". Two toes in front perfectly free. 



IK Bill straight, its tip chisel-shaped; rectrices stiff, with 



stiff, pointed tips Piciformes (p. 392) 



/-. Bill more or less curved; rectrices long and soft, with- 

 out stiff, pointed tips Coccyges (p. 363) 



