96 MANTAL OF rHILirPINE BIRDS. 



that the black l)eeoines a subterniinal bar; seventh similar, but with less 

 and fainter black ; upper primaries "rav ; secondaries ])aler ^ray, without 

 conspicuous margins. Bill, tarsi, and toes lake-red ; iris hazel. Leno-th, 

 394 to 406: culmen, 4(;; wing, '^1)8 to 305; tail. I'^T ; tarsus, 43; middle 

 toe with claw, 39. 



"The female is undoubtedly snuiller as a rule, though there are excep- 

 tions. 



"Adult In winter. — Similar, but without a hood ; merely a little grayish 

 on the occiput, and l)lackish on the auriculars. In vigorous birds the 

 indications of a hood reappear in autumn, sewn after the completion 

 of the molt, which is in August; but cold weather, combined with a 

 scarcity of nutritive food, arrests the development, and it is not usual 

 to see birds with fully complete hoods till February, though there are 

 many exceptions. A female (by dissection) obtained in the shore-nets 

 at Wells, Norfolk, on Xovember 10, has the under parts, and even the 

 shafts and welis of the primaries, suffused with a beautiful salmon-pink, 

 but this also must be considered unusual. 



"Xestllng. — Buflfish to brown, darkest on tlie up])er parts, spotted and 

 streaked with umber and black on the back, head, and throat. 



"Young. — Forehead white, rest of head chiefly grayish In-own ; upper 

 surface warmer brown, with gray lower wing-coverts ; secondaries with 

 blackish centers and white borders; the three outer jjrinuiries Idack on 

 outer webs and at the tips and margins of inner webs, but the centers 

 white, except the outermost, in which there is for a time a dark line 

 inside the shaft ; in the succeeding primaries the dark color increases 

 ascendingly on the inner webs, while from the fifth the outer webs are 

 pale gray to brownish, with a little white at tips; tail-feathers white, 

 with a band of blackish brown ; under surface dull white. Bill dull 

 yellow, passing into black at the angles; tarsi and toes dull reddish yellow. 

 The brown color is soon lost on the back, which has become gray by 

 December. 



"Immature. — Like the adult, with a few brown markings left on the 

 upper wing-coverts, and more black on the outer webs of the primaries. 

 More or less of a brown hood is assumed when the bird is barely a year 

 old, and the band on the tail is lost by the following autumn, when the 

 new primaries appear, with, as has been said, a larger proportion of 

 black than in the adult ; in fact the duration of the immature phase is 

 very short. The bird does not breed until the following, or second 

 spring. 



"Occasionally the black from the margins of the iniu-r wel)s of the 

 three outer quills runs in and reaches the shafts, much encroaching upon 

 the usual white centers, though not to the same extent on both wings of 

 the same bird. This is noticeable in two examples obtained at Dinapur 

 in December." (Saunders.) 



