100 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 



head) ; Masbate {Bourns d Worcester) ; Mindanao {Steere Exp.) ; Negros (Steere 

 Exp.); Palawan {Whitehead, Platen, Everett); Siquijor {Bourns d- Worcester). 

 Cosmopolitan, breeding in high northern latitudes. 



"Adult inalc in breeding phnnage. — Above black, mixed with chestnut 

 or partly chestnut feathers on center of mantle; scapulars for the most 

 part cliestnut, but outer ones l)lack at the ends or irregularly marked with 

 black; accessory scapular plumes white; back and rump pure white, 

 upper tail-coverts black, longer ones pure white; lesser wing-coverts 

 blackish ; innermost rather broadly edged with white, as also those near 

 edge of wing ; median coverts for the most part chestnut, slightly mottled 

 with black; greater coverts blackish, narrowly margined and broadly 

 tipped with white ; alula and primary -coverts black, innermost of the 

 latter with white tips; quills l)lack with white shafts, and white bases 

 to the inner primaries; secondaries for the most part white, blackish 

 toward the ends of the feathers,, these black markings decreasing grad- 

 ually toward the inner secondaries, some of which are pure white, the 

 innermost secondaries black, mottled with chestnut, like the scapulars; 

 tail-feathers black with white bases, all but the center tail-feathers tipped 

 with white, the black diminishing in size and forming a band toward 

 the outer feathers, which are almost white ; crown and hind neck white, 

 the former streaked, the latter mottled with black; base of forehead and 

 a narrow frontal line black, followed by a band of white, which unites 

 with a broad eyebrow and is extended over ear-coverts ; lores and fore 

 part of cheeks white ; feathers round eye and eyelid white, separated 

 from the white loral patch l\v a narrow line of black, which unites the 

 frontal band to a square, black patch beneath the eye, the latter joined 

 to a malar line of black, which is connected with the sides of the neck 

 and with the fore neck and sides of breast, all these parts being black, 

 but nearly divided by a semi-lunar band of white, wdiich reaches from 

 the sides of the neck almost to the breast ; throat and under surface of 

 body from the center of chest downward, white ; under wing-coverts 

 and axillars pure white; quills below ashy whitish along the inner web. 

 'Bill black; feet deep orange-red, claws black; iris hazel.' {Audubon.) 

 Length, 200 ; culmen, 23 ; wing, 157 ; tail, 58 ; tarsus, 2i ; middle toe with 

 claw, 28. 



"Adult fcnialr in hrecdin;/ pi u in a (je.— 'Much duller than the male, and 

 having the same pattern of black and white about the face, but never 

 developing the same amount of chestnut about the back, the head and 

 hind neck being brown, mottled with l)lackish centers to the feathers. 

 Length, 216; culmen, 23; wing. Kin; tail. 62; tarsus, 24: middle toe 

 with claw, 25. 



"Young. — Above dusky brown, all the feathers edged with sandy buff 

 or rufous ; wings and tail as in the adult ; crown dark brown, streaked 

 with sandy buff, the margins of the feathers being of this color; tail- 

 feathers white, with a broad, subterminal band of black, decreasing in 



