PELECANUS. 209 



covered with soft grayish brown feathers, forming a mane; upper back, 

 scapulars, and wing-coverts white, tinged, especially on the lesser wing- 

 coverts, with cream-color ; winglet, primaries, and primary-coverts brown- 

 ish black, with the upper surface of the shafts dark ; secondaries grayish 

 brown, paler on the outer web and shading into brownish gray on inner- 

 most secondaries; an interscapular line down the middle of upper back; 

 lower back, rump, flanks, under tail-coverts, axillars, and under wing- 

 coverts vinaceous ; rest of under parts pure white, chest and upper breast 

 tinged with yellow; tail-feathers ashy, paler toward the tips and with 

 dark shafts. Tail composed of 32 feathers. 'Bill pinkish yellow, the 

 lateral portions of the upper mandible with large bluish black spots; the 

 nail and terminal halves of both mandibles orange-yellow; central por- 

 tions of sides of lower mandible smeared with bluish black; pouch dull 

 purple, blotched and spotted with bluish black; eyelids and skin round 

 eye orange-yellow; skin in front of eye livid; legs and feet very dark 

 brown; claws yellowish horn; iris stone-white, varying to pale yellow, 

 clouded with brown.' (Oates.) Length, 1,395 to 1,500; eulmen, 320 

 to 368 ; wing, 558 to 610 ; tail, 203 to 421 ; tarsus, 84 to 96. The female 

 is somewhat smaller than the male, but not conspicuously so. 



"Adult in non-breeding plumage (March-August). — Plumage similar 

 to that of the young after the first molt. 



"Nestling. — Covered with white down ; iris dark brown : bill pale 

 plumbeous ; legs china-white ; pouch pale bluish white. The down on the 

 wings soon turns to pale mfous; and the scapulars, when they appear, 

 are brown, edged with ferruginous; the wing-coverts, on making their 

 appearance, are furnished with a dense fringe of rufous down, which, 

 however, soon falls off, leaving the feathers with rufous margins; the 

 scapulars are developed very rapidly, and their ferruginous margins are 

 diminished in extent as the bird grows; the down on the head and neck 

 gives place to brownish feathers, and the crest and loose feathers of the 

 mane on the hind neck soon make their appearance. 



"The young bird, when fully fledged, retains its first feathers for at 

 least one year, the only cliange being that the brown colors become darker 

 and the rufous edgings abraded and consequently less marked. The im- 

 pressed spots on the bill are not indicated till the sixth month, and even 

 at the end of twelve months these spots are quite indistinct, compared 

 with those of the adult bird. Toward the end of the first year a livid 

 spot appears in front of the eyes and soon becomes clearly defined. The 

 nail and the terminal third of the edges of the bill are yellow, legs and 

 toes flesh-color. 



"After the first molt, at about twelve months of age, the whole head 



and neck are covered with short, soft, downy feathers, the bases of which 



are black, the tips white ; and the crest and mane are developed to the 



same extent as in the adult; the shoulders and scapulars are wood-brown; 



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