686 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 



sulphur-yellow, brightest on chin, dusky across throat which is washed 

 with buff, sides of breast washed with olive; abdomen and crissum pale 

 canary-yellow; sides of body and flanks streaked with blackish brown; 

 wing-feathers dark brown; lesser coverts olive; median and greater 

 coverts, tertials, and some of the inner secondaries broadly edged and 

 tipped with cinnamon-rufous or dull cliestnut ; I'emaining quills more 

 narrowly edged with lighter cinnamon, inner webs of quills edged with 

 drab-gray; rectrices blackish, the middle pair at least edged with olive- 

 brown; outermost pair nearly all white, but with an oblique blackish 

 mark near base of inner web and a small dusky mark near tip; next 

 pair black with a long white mark near shaft. Upper mandible dusky; 

 lower mandible bluish; legs and nails flesh-color. Length, 153; wing, 

 71; tail, 60; culm en from base, 10; tarsus, 19. 



Female. — The winter plumage of the female is very similar to that 

 of the male. A female from Calayan measures, wing, 65; tail, 54; 

 culmen from base, 9.5; tarsus, 19. 



"Adult male in breeding plumage. — General color gi-eenish gray, 

 washed with pale yellow; the head and mantle paler and more sulphur- 

 yellow, the latter with broad mesial streaks of black; the scapulars like 

 the mantle; the rump and lower back uniform and more distinctly ashy 

 gray; upper tail-coverts ashy with yellowish edges; lesser wing-coverts 

 ashy with a yellowish tinge; median and greater series blackish, edged 

 with ashy and tipped with yellowish white, the greater coverts slightly 

 rufescent on the outer margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 

 quills blackish, edged with ashy olive, the secondaries externally rufes- 

 cent, the innermost with whitish margins, so as to resemble the inner 

 greater coverts; center tail-feathers light brown, the others blackish, the 

 outer one for the most part white, excepting a longitudinal mark along 

 the end of the outer web and an oblique basal mark on the inner M-eb; 

 penultimate feather with the white much i-educed and forming a large 

 wedge-shaped mark on the inner web; the third feather with only a 

 small white mark near the end of the inner web; car-coverts greenish 

 gray like the hind-neck; lores, feathers in front of the eye, and a spot 

 at base of chin dusky blackish ; feathers below the eye, cheeks, and under 

 surface of body sulphur-yellow, paler on the lower breast and abdomen. 

 and still lighter on the under tail-coverts, which are whitish tinged with 

 yellow; sides of breast and flanks ashy olive, the latter streaked with 

 black; axillars and imder wing-coverts white, washed with pale yellow; 

 quills ashy below, whitish along the edge of tlie inner web. Length, 

 133; culmen, 10; wing, 73; tail, 57; tarsus, 18. 



"Considerable difference exists in the full-pluniaged Jiiales with regard 

 to the amount and intensity of the black sti'ipes on the back. In winter 

 the adult male appears to be always more broadly streaked with black 

 on the back, the l)]ack centers l)ecoming attenuated during tlie breeding 



