162 ttjrdtd.t;. 



The Dippers are aquatic in their habits, and they are admirably 

 fitted for obtaining their food in the water. The plumage is every- 

 where very dense and even the eyelids are clothed with feathers ; 

 the head is narrowed in front, and the feathers of the forehead are 

 very short and lie flat. 



The Dippers frequent mountain-streams, and the Indian species 

 do not migrate. They build large domed nests of moss amongst 

 rocks or between the roots of trees near the water, and they lay 

 numerous white eggs. 



Genus CINCLUS, Eechst., 1802. 



The characters of the genus are the same as those of the sub- 

 family. 



Key to the Species. 



a. Throat and breast white C. kashmiriensis, p. 102. 



b. Throat and breast brown, uniform with re- 



mainder of lower plumage. 



a . Plumage light-coloured C. asiaticns, p. 1G3. 



//. Plumage dark-coloured C. pallasi, p. 1U4. 



e Throat and In-east brown, but conspicuously 



paler than remainder of lower plumage . . C. sordidus, p. 165. 



708. Cinclus kashmiriensis. The White-breasted Asiatic Dipper. 



Cinclus cashmeriensis, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 494; Salvin, Ibis, 



1867, p. 117; Blanf. J. A. 8. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 48; Hume, Cat. 



no. 348; Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 312; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 438. 

 Hydrobata cashmiriensis {Gould), Jerd. B. I. i, p. 507 ; Bhjth, Ibis, 



1866, p. 374; Stoliezka, J. A. S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 33; Hume Sf 



Senders. Lah. to York. p. 189. 

 The White-breasted Cashmere Dipper, Jerd. 



Coloration. Forehead, crown, nape, lores, sides of the head and 

 neck, and the whole mantle chocolate-brown ; remainder of the 

 upper plumage slate-colour, each feather distinctly margined with 

 black ; the mantle and back blending gradually together, the brown 

 of the former suffusing the upper part of the latter ; wings dark 

 brown, the outer webs edged with slate-colour, and the secondaries 

 and tertiaries tipped with white : wing-coverts dark brown, broadly 

 edged with slaty ; tail slaty, the shafts dark; cheeks, chin, throat, 

 and breast pure white ; remainder of the lower plumage chocolate- 

 brown, gradually turning to dark brown or blackish towards the tail. 



The young have the whole upper plumage slate-colour with black 

 margins ; the wing-coverts tipped white ; the quills more broadly 

 tipped with white than in the adult ; the whole lower plumage 

 white with numerous irregular cross-lines of brown. After the 

 autumn moult the young resemble the adult, but the abdomen is 

 dark brown without any tinge of chocolate immediately next the 

 while of the breast, as is the case in the adult, and each feather 



