1 68 Journal of Agricultural Research voi. xiii. no. j 



wintering is much more widespread than is now realized, especially in 

 cities where there must be several foci from which flies escaping on warm 

 days in March and April, survive to produce the hordes that begin to ap- 

 pear late in May. 



The possibility of house flies overwintering in the larva and pupa stages 

 has been demonstrated at Washington, D. C, and at Columbus, Ohio, as 

 well as for the milder regions of Texas. But whether this method of over- 

 wintering in these stages or by continued breeding is the more common or 

 more successful can not now be stated. To judge from experiments 

 with larvae and pupae and from the fact that house flies do not appear 

 in large numbers until late in May or early in June it would seem that 

 only a very small percentage of larvae, which are present in manure heaps 

 in the autumn, live through the winter and give rise to the adults in the 

 spring. 



LITERATURE CITED 



(1) ASHWORTH, J. H. 



I916. A NOTE ON THE mBERMATION OF FLIES. In Scot. Nat., HO. 52, p. 81. 



(2) BiSHOPP, F. C, Dove, W. E., and Parman, D. C. 



1915. NOTES ON certain POINTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE IN THE BIOLOGY 



OF THE HOUSE FLY. Ill JoxiT. Econ. Ent., V. 8, no. i, p. 54-71. 



(3) COPEMAN, S. M. 



1913. HIBERNATION OF HOUSE FLIES. (PRELIMINARY NOTE). In RptS. Local 



Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.] Pub. Health and Med. Sub., n. s. no. 85, p. 14-19. 

 (4) AND Austen, E. E. 



1914. DO HOUSE FLIES hibernate? In Rpts. Govt. Local Bd. [Gt. Brit.] 



Pub. Health and Med. Sub., n. s. no. 102, p. 6-26. 



(5) Dove, W. E. 



1916. some notes concerning overwintering of the house fly, musca 



DOMESTICS at Dallas, Texas. In Jour. Econ. Ent., v. 9, no. 6, 

 p. 528-538. 



(6) Gaskell, T. K. 



1916. the hibernation of flies in a Fifeshire house. In Scot. Nat., 

 no. 54, p. 139. 



(7) Graham-Smith, G. S. 



1916. observations on the habits and parasites of common flies. In 



Parasitology, v. 8, no. 4, p. 440-544, 17 fig., 8 pi., 5 tab., 9 charts. 



(8) Hewitt, C. G. 



1914. THE house FLY. 382 p. , iUus., pi. Cambridge. 



(9) 



1915. notes on the PLrpATION OF THE HOUSE FLY (mUSCA DOMESTICA) AND ITS 



MODE OF OVERWINTERING. In Can. Ent., v. 47, no. 3, p. 73-78. 



(10) Howard, C. W. 



1917. HIBERNATION OF THE HOUSE-FLY IN MINNESOTA. In JoUf. Econ. 



Ent., V. 10, no. 5, p. 464-468. 



(11) Howard, L. O. 



1911. THE HOUSE FLY — DISEASE CARRIER. 312 p., 46 fig. Nevv York. 



(12) JEPSON, J. p. 



1909. SOME observations on the BREEDING OF MUSCA DOMESTICA DURING 



THE vnNTER MONTHS. Iti Rpts. Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.] Pub. 

 Health and Med. Sub., n. s. no. 5, p. 5-8. 



