DESTINATIONS OF THE MIGRANTS 193 



south than the Redwing has to travel to find suit- 

 able winter quarters. The absence of Gulf Stream 

 influence lowers the breeding-range of great numbers 

 of species in the far east, just as in the far west its 

 presence extends them. Numbers of instances might 

 be given of Palasarctic birds reaching their highest 

 or lowest breeding-range in Scandinavia, where that 

 w^arm ocean current increases the temperature to a 

 very remarkable degree. The B rambling {Fringilki 

 montifringUla) breeds only as low as lat. 60° in Scan- 

 dinavia, but can find temperature suitable for this 

 function at least ten degrees lower in Eastern Siberia. 

 In the west, owing to Gulf Stream influence, it is 

 able to winter throughout the British Islands, and 

 even in South Sweden ; but in the far east it is 

 compelled to journey into China and Japan, and 

 thus increase its fly-line by at least 1000 miles! 

 The Sand Martin {Cotyle riparia) is a circumpolar 

 bird, and breeds nearly up to the North Cape 

 (about lat. 70°) in Scandinavia, but in Kamtschatka 

 not any higher than lat. 55°; and in the Nearctic 

 region not beyond lat. 68°. In this northern winter 

 zone by far the greater number of East Palcearctic 

 land birds visit India and South China, the land lying 

 immediately north of the Equator being by far the 

 most patronized, just as we find to be the case with 

 West Palasarctic birds. The southern winter zone of 

 East Palasarctic land birds includes the Malay Archi- 

 pelago, Australia, and New Zealand, and curiously 

 enough is visited in the extreme south by com- 

 paratively few yet very similar species as in the west. 



