30 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. 



Adult Male. — General colour above sooty-brown, shaded with 

 ashy-grey ; the mantle conspicuously greyer than the back ; 

 wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and 

 quills black, the primaries with brown shafts and a long " wedge " 

 of white on the inner web, gradually diminishing in size on the 

 inner primaries; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers brown, shaded 

 with ashy-grey ; the outermost tail-feather white, the next white 

 for two-thirds of its length and brown for the terminal third ; 

 the next feather white for nearly half its length and brown for 

 the terminal half; the white on the central feathers becoming 

 gradually reduced in size and confined to the inner web; crown 

 of head and nape black, with a white frontal band extending 

 backwards in a broad streak over the eye ; a black streak across 

 the lores from the base of the bill to the eye ; cheeks, ear- 

 coverts, and entire under surface of body white, including the 

 under wing-coverts and axillaries ; " bill, tarsi, and feet black, 

 the inner w^ebs of the latter considerably excised " {Samiders). 

 Total length, 15 inches ; culmen, 1*55; wing, iq-q; tail, 6'6; 

 tarsus, o'9. 



Adult Female.— Similar to the male. Total length, 15 inches; 

 wnngs, 10-4. 



Adult in Winter Plumage. — Similar to the summer plumage, 

 but with the lores and crown mottled wdth white for a short 

 time. {Saintders.) 



Young-. — Sooty-brown above, the head mottled obscurely with 

 dull rufous, with which colour the feathers of the upper surface 

 are edged ; these rufous margins gradually fading to white and 

 ultimately becoming abraded ; under surface of body light 

 dove-grey, whiter on the face and throat ; under wing- 

 coverts white with a grey shade. 



Young in First Winter Plumage. — Rather more ashy than the 

 adults, and with conspicuous white or ashy- white margins to 

 the feathers of the back ; the mantle hoary- whitish ; forehead 

 and crown white, the hinder crown broadly streaked with 

 black ; the nape and hind neck entirely black ; wing-coverts 

 brown, the marginal ones black, forming a band. Mr. 

 Saunders says that full plumage is not attained till the bird is 

 at least two years old. 



