GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS 83 



catcher, Wryneck, Grey Crow, Pink-footed Goose, 

 Dotterel, Great Snipe, Ruff, Green Sandpiper, and 

 Dusky Redshank ; while such species as the Blue- 

 throat, Barred Warbler, Great Grey Shrike, Shore 

 Lark, and Honey - Buzzard, are almost unknown in 

 Ireland. The Goldcrest, Swallow, Martin, Sand- Martin, 

 Ring-Ouzel, and Red-backed Shrike are rarcc aves as 

 Hebridean migrants. On the other hand, the west 

 coast route is probably more used than the east by 

 such species as the White Wagtail, Greater Wheatear 

 {Saxicola leucorrhoa), Black-tailed Godwit, the Red- 

 necked and Grey Phalaropes, and Buffon's Skua ; and 

 by the regular migrants proceeding to and from 

 Iceland and Greenland. 



The lines of migration of several species which 

 summer in Scandinavia lie to the eastward of our 

 islands, and some of them are doubtless overland routes 

 to and from the south and east. These remarks refer to 

 such birds as the Red-throated Pipit, Icterine Warbler, 

 Broad-billed Sandpiper, Temminck's Stint, Crane, and 

 others. 



Migration between the South-East Coast of 

 England and the Coast of Western Central 

 Europe : The East and West Routes. — The southern 

 section of the east coast of England is the scene of the 

 arrival in the autumn, and departure in the spring, of a 

 very considerable number of bird-travellers. These 

 form a group of migrants of a particularly interesting 

 description, consisting of certain species which cross the 

 southern waters of the North Sea by a more or less 

 direct east-to-west flight in the autumn, and by move- 

 ments in a reverse direction in the spring. They 

 are Central European birds, and in the autumn are 



