148 STUDIES IN BIRD-MIGRATION 



Grey Wagtail, Meadow-Pipit, Starling, Skylark, Kestrel, 

 Woodcock, and Curlew. Other individuals belonging 

 to this group of migrants are noted as being on the 

 move, though they are not necessarily passing at once 

 beyond the British apea ; indeed, some of them from 

 the more northern districts are content to remain the 

 entire winter in the more genial portions of our isles, 

 should the nature of the season permit them to do so. 



Arrival Movements} — Immigrants from the northern 

 regions in which the summer has been passed are much 

 in evidence on our shores during August, and are the 

 advance guard of the hosts of Birds of Passage and 

 Winter Visitors which are soon to follow. The former 

 group includes northern representatives of a number of 

 species which are summer visitors to Britain, such as 

 the Lesser Whitethroat, Common Whitethroat, Willow- 

 Warbler, Tree - Pipit, Pied Flycatcher, Swift, and 

 Nightjar, all of which occur regularly but in small 

 numbers during this month at stations north of their 

 British breeding limit — a fact which clearly indicates 

 that they are arrivals from countries beyond our area. 



In addition to the return movements of the birds 

 named, about thirty species, whose summer haunts 

 lie entirely beyond the British isles (to the north or east 

 of them), are chronicled as arriving on and traversing our 

 shores during the month. These are : the ''^Greater 

 Wheatear [Saxicola leticorrhoa), Barred- Warbler, Black 

 Redstart, ^White Wagtail, Blue - headed Wagtail, 

 Hoopoe, Barnacle-Goose, Brent-Goose, Spotted Crake, 

 *Grey Plover, ^Turnstone, Ruff, Great Snipe, Jack 

 Snipe, '^Little Stint, *Curlew Sandpiper, Knot, *Purple 



' For particulars of the dates of Passage Movements, see p. 129. For 

 dates of arrival of Winter Visitors, see p. 157. 



