THE MIGRATIONS 01' THE LAPWING 245 



season, though the numbers recorded are occasionally 

 considerable. 



On arriving on the south-east coast of England, the 

 majority of the birds pass inland at various points along 

 the eastern and southern seaboard, and many pass up 

 the Thames and Humber estuaries to reach the interior ; 

 the object in all cases being to find congenial winter 

 quarters. 



Autumn Passage of Immigrants Southwards beyond 

 the British Isles. — On reaching the British Isles from 

 the north or east, those immigrants which do not intend 

 to winter here pass on to the southern coast, whence 

 they cross the Channel, bound further south. 



During these passage movements, some of the birds 

 from the north which travel by the west coast visit such 

 remote stations as Sule Skerry and the Flannan and 

 Monach Islands. 



Winter Movements and Emigration. — The winter 

 movements of the Lapwing consist of emigrations from 

 Britain for more southern lands, and of partial or extensive 

 migrations performed within our area. They are con- 

 trolled by, and vary with, the climatic conditions of the 

 season, and their extent is proportional to its severity. 

 Should the late autumn and the winter prove mild, the 

 Lapwings remain unmolested, so to speak, in their 

 accustomed retreats. Sooner or later, however, cold 

 weather of a more or less severe type, and of either local 

 or general prevalence, sets in, and then the birds, owing 

 to their inability to obtain food, are compelled to change 

 their quarters for others free from its blighting influence : 

 these havens may be near at hand or far removed, in 

 accordance with the area adversely affected. Heavy 

 snow and severe frost cause great movements south- 

 I. Q 2 



