CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN THE RED GROUSE 



163 



damaged one), occurred in the united radius, and union was effected irregularly 

 with a large boss of new bone {see Fig. 8). This bird was an undersized 

 hen, killed as a "piner" on August 15th, 1906, and suspected of disease. She 

 was shot on the wing, but was in very poor condition and badly infested by 

 Davainea, Hymenolepis, and Trichostrongylus within, and by innumerable 

 bird-lice and other parasites without. 



Nos. 434, 984, 1250 {see Figs. 9, 10, 11), all resemble one another in 



Excessive 

 fhiekening 

 Fibula 



Impaeled 

 Jhot- 



Fig. 9, No. 434. 



Fig. 11, No. 1250. 



Fig. 10, No. 894. 

 Broken and re-united leg-bones. 



representing united fractures of the upper third of the tibia and fibula. In each 

 case the fracture was comminuted. The shortening in one leg is from Damage to 

 83 mm. to 76 mm. The union in each was effected by an irregular |f^g^°t®^ 

 and immovable mass of bony matter thrown out to include the fibula '^o^'Jids. 

 which is also greatly thickened. 



No. 434 was a cock bird which lived to be shot on January 7th, 1907, weigh- 

 ing 20 ounces. The fractured end of the bone had been rendered smooth by 

 absorption, and the deformity caused by overriding of the lower fragment 



