AGLAIS URTICjE, WITH SOME NOTES ON A THIRD BKOOO. 71 



majority of them being nearly full-ferl ; they pupated from September 

 lBth-17th. One remarkable point in connection with the pupre was 

 the unusually large proportion of the t^^oklen form, no less than 81 being 

 wholly of that var. These could not have been influenced by sui-- 

 roundings, etc., as all the larvje pupated after attaching themselves to 

 the wooden top of the breeding-cage, and the golden pupie wei-e mixed 

 up with those of the typical colour, indiscriminately, in spite of what 

 has been said to the contrary by various observers, every one of these 

 golden pupie produced an imago in due time, and of the whole brood 

 only two were infested with parasites. The first imagines emerged on 

 October 18th, and the rest^of the brood on the llth-l.jth-Kjth. The total 

 number of specimens was 64, all of which were typical in size, colour, 

 and markings. The second brood — which numbered 42 — on the other 

 hand, were all very small — in first skin. They fed up very slowly, 

 and were distinctly undersized when the first pupated on October 12th. 

 The rest followed at intervals, until the 20th, nearly a third of them 

 died daring the process of changing. All the larvre of this brood were 

 wholly black, there being no trace of the usual yellow markings. 

 Several of the pup?r changed colour on November 16th, and on the 

 morning of the IBtli it was observed that dehiscence had taken place 

 in the usual manner, but all the imgaines failed to emerge. They 

 only succeeded in freeing the head and antennae, the back of the 

 thorax, the first — and rarely the .second — pair of legs, and in one 

 instance only, the left fore-wing. The larvae and pupa? were kept in a 

 basement apartment without a fire, but where it is always considerably 

 warmer than out of doors. (A small number of larvse of Pi/ramris 

 aialanta were reared side by side with them, and these all produced 

 imagines in due time, some emerging as late as November Brd. No 

 doubt a second brood !). The next morning the remaining pupje were 

 placed in the greenhouse in the sun, where the temperature stood at 

 (Ju*^ to 70^ Fab. during several hours in the middle of the day. Here 

 others attempted to emerge with slightly more success, but as none 

 were able to withdraw the abdomen from the pupa-case, the wings 

 only partially expanded, and, of course, all were hopelessly crippled. As 

 .several of the pupa; which were left seemed to be alive, the cage was 

 brought into the kitchen on the morning of the 20th, and placed close 

 to the fire ; the thermometer in the cage showing a fairly constant 

 temperature of 80° to 85" Fab. during the day, and, I think, it did 

 not sink below 75" Fab. during the night. After five hours of this 

 (at 8 p.m.) a practically perfect imago emerged. It evidently had had 

 considerable difficulty in freeing itself from the pupa-case, as all the 

 wings are slightly rubbed. No more emerged on that day, but another 

 emerged at al)out the same hour on the 21st. This is, however, less 

 perfect than the above, the ri<;ht hind- wing being imperfectly developed 

 both in size and colour. The red ground-colour is very dingy in both 

 specimens, and the blue marginal spots are nearly obliterated. They are 

 otherwise typical in markings, but, of course, rather undersized, the 

 first being l^in., and the second 1| in. in expanse, and both present 

 ;i very starved appearance. This cannot be from lack of food in the 

 larval stage, as special care was taken that the supply was both fresh 

 and abundant ; neither does cold seem sufficient to explain why the 

 imagines — although fully formed within the pupa-case — failed to 

 emerge, even when placed in the sun. It is true that two specimens 



