118 THE BaiTOMOLOGISX's RECORD. 



usually seen and described in the pupa. In the pupa of /'. buccphala 

 the portions coloured at the moult are only the anal spines, and 

 the adjacent margins of the two last abdominal segments, where they are 

 sculptured. In N7>/(/».i'Z///z(.v^/-/, the mesothoracic margin, at 1st spiracle, 

 was already coloured brownish at the moult, as well also as certain 

 Hanges along the sides of the 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal segments. It 

 seems to be very usual for the posterior margins of the 1st spiracle to be 

 already slightly matured. In 8. ocdlatm, the posterior margin of the 7th 

 abdominal segment is already getting brown. I think, in these, and 

 in other, instances, two points appear, the first is that no portion of the 

 pupa can be allowed to harden and colour before the moult, that has 

 to undergo any expansion or contraction during the alteration in 

 form that occurs just after the moult. The second is the special case 

 of the first spiracles. What we call the thoracic spiracle in the pupa 

 is not the spiracle itself, which has the same structure, or nearly so, as 

 the other spiracles, and is buried deeply in the fold between the pro- 

 and mesothorax, and communicates with the surface by a narrow 

 slit, but is the opening on the surface, and is between the two seg- 

 ments close to the antenna. The margin of one, or of both segments, 

 here, is very often, indeed usually, specially wrinkled, striated, or 

 otherwise characteristically and beautifully elaborated, affording, in 

 many Micro pupfe, an excellent detail for the microscope. 



It is very important, therefore, that these margins should, on the 

 moult to pupa, fall exactly into their right places, and as this would 

 often be apt to fail, if they were as soft as the rest of the pupa, we can 

 understand why they are so usually (always ?) coloured and hardened 

 to some degree before the moult takes place. 



Contributions to the fauna of Piedmont. 



By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. 



{Continued from p. 91.) 



Nymphalid^. — Dryas paphia. — Abundant, but worn to shreds, as 

 also was the var. valesina, of which I saw three or four specimens. 

 Artji/nnis adippe. — Worn to shreds. Anji/nnis lathonia. — Rare, in poor 

 condition generally, although one or two fine specimens were captured. 

 Probably we were between two broods. Melitaea athalia. — A few odd 

 specimens occurred here and there all over the district, on the 

 Eupatorium flowers. I found no spot that exhibited the appearance of 

 a full second brood, as at Aix-les-Bains, three weeks earlier. M. phuebc. 

 — I only saw this species on the Mont Cenis road, on the last morning 

 of my stay, where it was evidently just appearing. It was in grand 

 condition, the males bright red — one particularly fiery — the females 

 dull orange. Fyrameis atalanta. — I saw, perhaps, a dozen specimens 

 altogether, certainly not more. I do not remember seeing a single 

 P. cardui, Vanessa io, or Euvanessa antiopa, and only one or two Aylais 

 urticae. Polygonia eyea. — The insect of this group was P. eyea, and 

 this was rather rare, and going over. It was very easy to catch on 

 the Eupatorium flowers, and did not want stalking with the same care 

 as did the spring specimens at Digne. Even when it sunned itself on 

 the rocks, it was not particularly difficult to approach. The condition 

 of these specimens, and the way the females haunted the Farietaria, 



