234 THE entomologist's record. 



hence we find many otherwise common species extremely local. 

 Species which secrete cottony ovisacs, suchsis P id vinaria, Dactijlopius, 

 Icerya, etc., are more liable to be borne away by the wind, and Newstead 

 considers that there is little doubt the larvae are sometimes carried away 

 by the same agent, whilst the same authority thinks that "thelarvje may 

 also occasionally attach themselves to birds or mammals, and thus get 

 carried long distances, but such chances are very remote. The im- 

 portation of infested plants plays the chief part in the wide distribu- 

 tion of many species." 



Maskell gives much information concerning the distribution of 

 many species, and his details give some idea of the marvellous 

 distances these usually injurious insects must have travelled (or been 

 carried), e.(/., iHasins innnnUfera is found in Fiji and Demerara ; 

 Gossyparia nhii has migrated from Europe to North America ; Asiiidi- 

 ohis aiirant'ii has been recorded from New Zealand, North America, 

 Australia, Syria and Cyprus, and has probably spread to all these 

 countries from the orange groves on the shores of the Mediterranean. 

 A. hndleiae and A. epijiendri have spread from Europe to New 

 Zealand ; A. camelliae (Boisd.) from Europe to North America and 

 New Zealand ; A. weru from Europe to North America, Australia, New 

 Zealand and the South Sea Islands; whilst the American^, cydoniae 

 has been found in Samoa. The European Diaspis hoisduvaUi and 

 7>. rosae both occur in New Zealand and North America, the latter 

 also in Australia, Fiji and Demerara. Myt'daspis pomorum also 

 has been introduced from Europe into North America, New Zealand 

 and Australia, and occurs too in North Africa ; whilst the American 

 Mytilaspis citricola has reached Fiji and South Africa, and M. 

 gloverii has been discovered on oranges in Australia. 



Other species belonging to various genera are also mentioned. 

 From America, t'luionaspis ■ citri has extended to New Zealand and 

 Australia, Fiornia camelliae (Comst.) to Australia, Lecaniwn rihis to 

 New Zealand. From Ceylon, Lecaninmcoffeae has reached Fiji ; whilst 

 Thictylopius cocofis extends from Fiji to the Laccadive Islands. From 

 Australia the well-known Icerya purchasi has extended to New Zea- 

 land, California, Cape Colony, the Fiji Islands, etc. ; the New Zealand 

 Eriococcus arancariae is now found in North America, and Dacty- 

 lopins ccdceolariae in Fiji. 



Of the European species, Chionaspis aspidisti'ae now occurs in 

 India, I'arlatoria protens in North America and Demerara, Lecanmm 

 hesperidmn and I'ulvinaria cameUicola in New Zealand, Australia 

 and North America, Ij. oleae and Dactylopius adonidmn in North 

 America and New Zealand, L. lanri in New Zealand and Australia, 

 whilst f.ecaninm depressmn, L. kemisphaericum, L. liihernacidorum, 

 L. macidaiinn, L. mori, have been found in New Zealand, and L. 

 rosarnm in Australia. 



Although little is known of the migration of the Coccids, the 

 migrations of the Aphidids have been the subject of considerable 

 observation, not so much on account of their great extent, as from the 

 havoc which the insects work. Little is known of the distribution of 

 these insects south of the Equator ; they have, however, been recorded 

 from ]\Iadagascar, Nev/ Caledonia, New Zealand, etc. They occur in 

 India, but are best known in their habitats in the north temperate and 

 sub-tropical regions of the old and new worlds, 



