FORMBIl LAXD CONNECTIONS. 331 



zoogeograpliical region. The genera do not divide themselves 

 into groups in accordance with modem geographical conditions 

 and the African elements constitute connecting links betweeen 

 those of South America and Southern Asia. This, however, only 

 occurs among comparatively ancient groups and I know of no 

 parallel case in the mammals or birds. 



It would sufifice to explain such facts if the trans-Atlantic 

 connection were limited to Mesozoic times. A direct Antarctic 

 connection, even so far back as the Jurassic period, would explain 

 the cases cited in this paper, except that of the penguins, for 

 which, instead of actual land connections, we need only postulate 

 closer proxiiTLity than occurs at present. 



These connections receive considerable support from the 

 geological side and thus we may reasonably recoinmend them 

 as very credible. 



References. 



1. " Catalogue of the Fossil Plants of the Glossopteris Flora in the British 

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2. "A Study of Some Facts and Theories bearing upon the Question of the 



Origin of the Angiospermous Flora of South Africa," by S. Schonland, 

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3. " The Distribution of African Freshwater Fishes," by G. A. Boulenger, 



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4. " Hypothetical Outlines of the Continents in Tertiary Times," by W. D. 



Matthew, in Bulletin of American Museum of Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII. 

 1906. 



5. " Sub-Antarctic Islands of New Zealand," edited by Chas. Chilton. 



Wellington, 1909. 



6. " The Age of Mammals," by H. F. Osborn. New York, 1910. 



7. " Some Factors of Geographical Distribution in South America," by 



John D. Haseman, in Annals of the New York Academi/ of Sciences, 

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8. " Tile Present Distribution of the Onychophora," by A. H. Clark, in 



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9. " A Brief Resume of a Discussion on the Results Published in the 



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10. " Colorado a Million Years Ago," by T. D. A. Cockerell, in American 



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11. " Freshwater Fishes of the Congo Basin," by J. T. Nichols and L. 



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American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XLVI. 1922. 



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