420 " DESCRIPTIVK COMPLEMHNT "' IN SIRONGA. 



(4) Denoting states. 



dlunyu \ -p, . , ,, tj • i j 



^/, ,.,.,„ r ^ or A ku dlunvu. He is naked. 

 alunya, j 



kutlu. Ba ku kutlu. They are destroyed. They get up 



suddenly. 

 ntentenene. Ba ku ntentenene. They are in the open, 



i.e., arp clearly visible. 

 pshuhdu. Ba ku pshukihj. They are straight, free, 



without trouble. 

 ttkoo. Ku ku tikoo, e.g., Ba nuyelile ku ku tikoo. They 



were silent and quiet. 

 tititi. Si ku tititi. It is fresh, cool. 

 t^oirec. E ku tsowee. He is quiet. 

 wololoko \ E ku woloko. He stands upright, is in an 

 woloko. j upright position. 



Real onomatopoeias included in the above class seem to be: 

 dokodoko, dokodoko, pfotlo, tlhuku (sound of blow or gallop), 

 y'lwohonwono. 



I have no examples of disyllables or polysyllables with ku li 

 or ku ti. 



III. — Polysyllables icith the Copula. 



In these, reduplication, or partial reduplication, is to be 

 noticed. It is uncertain under what part of speech they are to be 

 classed. Being used with the copula, they would seem to be 

 either nouns or adjectives. Their general likeness to those descrip- 

 tive complements mentioned in Section II. (a) 3), above, has led 

 me to mention them here. I have already pointed out that they 

 do not present the characteristics of nouns or adjectives. 



Examples are : 



lewulewu. Le^i i lewulewu. These things balance, see- 

 saw. 



lisekiseke Idea of flopping down. 



lo^oloso. Manyana I loSoloso. So-and-so walks dis- 

 piritedly 



yariyart. Idea of jumping about confusedly (of move- 

 ments of a crowd of people) 



I have, so far, not noted any parallels with these, in either 

 SeSotho or Zulu. 



B. It will noWj^be helpful to compare the phenomena which 

 we have found m SiRonga, with what is found in SeSotho and 

 Zulu. First of all. a study of my lists in these languages shows 

 that the range of ideas expressed by the descriptive complements 

 in all three languages is the same If a wider range seems to be 

 govered by the descriptive complements in SeSotho than in 

 SiRonga. it is ojily because my SeSotho list is much more com- 

 plete than my SiRonga one. I have not been able to complete 

 an examination of all the descriptive complements given by Bryant 

 for Zulu, I)ut do not doubt that, when that study is completed, 

 it will indic-ate this conclusion for that language also 



