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migrate down the tree trunk and pupate in loose soil. 

 There may be two generations a year. The first crop 

 of larvae generally appears in May, the second in 

 August or September. The insect winters in the pupal 

 stage. The catalpa worm is good bluegill bait for 

 late summer. 



White grubs 



White gru^Ds are the larvae of June beetles. They 

 are very destructive pests, especially damaging to 

 grass and grain. It is hard to find a single cultivated 

 plant that may not be attacked by these grubs. 



White grubs commonly collected and used as bait are 

 fat-bodied, brown-headed grubs from 1/2 to 1 inch in 

 length. Because the body contents show through the 

 shiny, semi transparent body wall, thewhite body shades 

 into bluish black at the posterior end. 



Eggs are laid during spring and summer, generally 

 from 1 to 3 inches below the surface of the soil. Two 

 winters are spent in the larval or grub stage, the grub 

 feeding on roots, especially of grasses during the 

 warmer months, and migrating downward to a depth of as 

 much as 5 feet during the winter. Transformation to 

 the adult beetle stage takes place late in summer, 

 ^hese adults, however, do not leave the soil until the 

 following spring. Although the 3-year cycle just 

 described is the most common, some species require as 

 little as 1 year, others as long as 4. 



There are other white grubs which closely resemble 

 the grass-root feeders but which occur in manure and 

 rotting vegetation and do not feed on living plant 

 material. They can be found in suitable quantities in 

 heavy old-sodded ground overlaying black dirt or in 

 rich soil. 



Goldenrod gall worms 



The goldenrod gall worm or maggot is the larva of 

 a small fly with spotted wings. The maggot burrows 

 into the stem of the goldenrod plant, which then forms 

 the gall, apparently as a matter of self-protection. 

 The fly is abundant, and in many goldenrod patches more 

 than half of the stalks will be seen to bear galls. 



The larva is very small, seldom 1/4 inch long. 

 It is white or faintly yellowish, soft-bodied, without 

 visible legs. Eggs arelaid early insummer. The larva 

 hibernates in the gall, pupates, and emerges as an adult 



