256 Mr. Victor Horsleij [March 27, 



functionally aud most recent in acquirement, we find tliat the lowest 

 is the face, and then we remember that the lowest animals simply 

 grasp their food with their mouth. I imagine it is scarcely necessary 

 for me to repeat the notorious confession that our faculties are 

 arranged for the jmrpose of obtaining food as the primary object of 

 what is called bare existence. 



Proceeding upwards in the scale of evolution, we next find animals 

 which can grasp their prey and convey it to the mouth, and so we 

 find next to the face area evolved that for the arm. 



And so on, the next step would be the development of the legs to 

 run after the prey, and here is the leg centre ; while finally, the 

 trunk muscles are dragged in to help the limbs more effectually. 



To my mind this idea receives overwhelming support from the 

 consideration of the fact that the higher our centres are, the more they 

 require education ; the infant, for instance, in a few days shapes its 

 face quite correctly to produce the food-inspiring yell, yet takes 

 months or years to educate its upper limbs to aid it in the same 

 laudable enterprise. Finally, what terrible probation some people 

 pass through at the hands of dancing-masters before their trunk 

 muscles will bend into the bow of politeness. 



Now to return to the lower end of the fissure of Eolando, to the 

 areas for movements of the face, it was long ago pointed out by the 

 two Dax's and Professor Broca that when this portion of the brain 

 immediately in front of the face area was destroyed, that the person 

 lost the power of articulate speech, or was only capable of uttering 

 interjections and customary " strange oaths." 



In fact this small portion of the left side of our brains (about IJ 

 square inches) is the only aj)paratus for expressing our thoughts by 

 articulating sounds, and note particularly that it is on the left side. 

 The corresponding piece on. the right side cannot talk as it were. 

 This remarkable state of things is reversed in left-handed people. 

 In these the right hemisphere predominates ; and so we find that 

 when this portion was diseased, there followed aphasia, as it is called. 

 While, however, the right side customarily says nothing, it can be 

 taught to do so in young peoj^le, though not in the aged. 



P)efore leaving these motor areas, let me repeat, by way of recapitu- 

 lation, that the only truly bilaterally acting areas are tliose for the 

 lower facial and throat muscles. This is a most important fact, for 

 tlie idea has recently been propounded that both sides of the body are 

 represented in each motor region of each hcmisjihere. That is to say, 

 each motor area has to do with the movements of both upper limbs, for 

 example. In support of my contention that this is not in accordance 

 with clinical facts, let me here show you photographs of the brain of 

 a man who was unfortunate enough to suffer destruction of the fibres 

 leading from one motor area. Here you see a puncture in the brain 

 which has caused ha3morrhage beneath the fissure of Rolando and tlie 

 motor convolutions in front and behind it. 



In this transverse section of tlic same spot you see that the 



