346 Mr. T. Pruhjin Teale [Feb. 5, 



consequence of its being very hot (and when the fire burned bright 

 it was frequently quite red-hot), it threw off into the room a great 

 deal of radiant heat. It is not possible that this oblique surface 

 (the slope of the back of the fireplace) could have been heated red- 

 hot merely by the radiant heat projected by the burning fuel ; for 

 other parts of the fireplace nearer the fire, and better situated for 

 receiving radiant heat, were never found to be so much heated ; and 

 hence it appears that the combined heat in the current of smoke and 

 hot vapour which rises from an open fire may he, at least in part, 

 stopped in its passage up the chimney, changed into radiant heat, 

 and afterwards thrown into the room. 



" This opens a new and very interesting field for experiment, 

 and bids fair to lead to important improvements in the construction 



of fireplaces But, as I mean soon to publish a particular 



account of these fireplaces, with drawings and amide directions for 

 constructing them, I will not enlarge further on the subject in this 

 place. It may, however, not be amiss just to mention here, that 

 these new invented fireplaces not being fixed to the walls of the 

 chimney, but merely set down upon the hearth, may be used in any 

 open chimney ; and the chimneys altered or constructed on the 

 principles here recommended are particularly well adapted for 

 receiving them." (III. 526.) 



Of receut years " lean-over " backs have been re-invented and 

 sparingly used. The " Milner " back, invented by a Lincolnshire 

 clergyman, and adopted by Barton and Co., is excellent. It burns 

 fuel well, and gives out a great heat. But it is extravagant in 

 consumption unless controlled by the " Economiser." 



Captain Douglas Gallon saw the virtue of the " lean-over," and 

 adopted it in the grate which goes by his name. The "Bee-hive" 

 back was the same in principle and very good, and having a very 

 small grid, was economical. 



The " Kifle " back, adopted by Nelson and Sons, of Leeds, gives 

 an admirable fire, little short of perfection ; but observation shows 

 that the "tall" flame extends far beyond the bend, and is therefore 

 soon lost as a heating factor, the heat being wasted in the chimney. 



From the commencement of my study of the fireplace question 

 the value of the " lean-over " has not only taken firm hold of my 

 fancy, but my sense of its importance has been growing in intensity, 

 until I saw that the best construction must show the greatest possible 

 extent of " lean-over " that could be obtained without sacrifice of 

 otlier important details of construction. How to accomplish this 

 will appear in considering the Fifth Rule. 



Rule IV. " Tlie bottom of the fire, or grating, should be deep 

 from before backwards, probably not less than 9 inches for a small room, 

 nor more than 11 inches for a large room.'' — This is a corollary to 

 Rule III. We cannot i)0ssibly have the back of the fireplace over- 

 hanging the fire when there is a shallow grid. If for no other 

 reason than the demands of tlie " lean-over," depth of fire space is 



