tion with the Dominion WildHfe Service of Canada. Every year 

 voluntary cooperators, working under permit, place bands on thousands 

 of birds, game and nongame, large and small, migratory and nonmigra- 

 tory, each band carrying a serial number and the legend, NOTIFY 

 FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D. C, or on 

 the smaller sizes an abbreviation thereof. When a banded bird is 

 reported from a second locality, a definite fact relative to its movements 

 becomes known, and a study of many cases of this nature develops 

 more and more complete knowledge of the details of migration. 



The records of banded birds are also yielding other pertinent in- 

 formation relative to their migrations, such as the exact dates of arrival 

 and departure of individuals, the length of time that different birds 

 pause on their migratory journeys to feed and rest, the relation be- 

 tween weather conditions and the starting times for migration, the 

 rates of travel of individual birds, the degree of regularity with which 

 birds return to the exact summer or winter quarters used in former 

 years, and many other details that could be learned in no other manner. 

 Banding stations that are operated systematically throughout the year, 

 therefore, are supplying much information concerning the movements 

 of migratory birds that heretofore could only be surmised. (See Ap- 

 pendix II, p. 92 for instructions on reporting the recovery of banded 

 birds.) 



Movements of residents 



Typical migration consists of definite movements that are repeated 

 regularly year after year, and it is to these that the term is generally 

 restricted. It is desirable, however, if only for purposes of comparison, 

 that some account be taken of the movements of some other birds, 

 which, while not typical, do possess some of the characteristics of true 

 migration. Data on this subject are being collected through bird 

 banding. 



There are several species that are customarily grouped under the 

 heading "permanent residents," the term implying that these birds 

 do not travel but remain throughout the year in one locality. Among 

 these are the cardinal, the tufted titmouse, the wrentit, the Carolina 

 wren, the house finch, the bobwhite, the California quail, and the 

 ruffed grouse. Each species may be present constantly throughout the 

 year, although in the northern part of the range there is probably a 

 slight withdrawal of the breeding birds in winter. The individuals to 



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