38 PHRAGMITES 



destroyed phragmites beds but also created useful sloughs by burn- 

 ing into the peat. Intensive burning continued for several years 

 in the Imperial Valley of California and in gulf -coast marshes has 

 proved unsuccessful in suppressing this weed. However, winter 

 burning before spraying can be advantageous in making spraying 

 operations easier. 



FLOODING 



Mature stands of phragmites cannot be controlled by raising the 

 water level, but their seedlings can be drowned this way. Also a 

 12-inch depth of water during summer production of runners 

 causes them to float on the surface instead of becoming anchored 

 and thus prevents extension of an established stand. 



REFERENCES 



1957. Use of Herbicides to Increase Game Food in Solid Stands of Phragmites. 



Robert A. Beck. Proc. N. E. Wild. Conf. 

 1956. Progress Report on Phragmites Control. John H. Steenis. Weed So. Am. 



Abstracts. 

 1956. Control of Phragmites with Dalapon. B. E. Day and A. W. Swezey. Down 



to Earth, spring issue. 

 1954. Progress Report on Studies on the Control of Phragmites. John H. Steenis, 



Clark G. Webster, and Robert A. Beck. FWS mimeo report. 

 1942. Phragmites Management. Edward Ward. Trans. 7th N. Am. Wild. Conf. 

 1932. The Development and Use of Machinery for Crushing Grasses, Reeds, and 



Sedges on the Salt Marshes. John P. Peterson. N. J. Mosquito Exterm. 



Assoc, Proc. 



