58 WILLOWS 



3. Periodic spraying of infested areas with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T will defoliate salt- 

 cedar and in this manner reduce transpiration losses. 



4. Applications of 2,4-D and related materials appear more effective on young 

 regrowth following mechanical destruction than on adult saltcedars. 



5. Apphcation rates of less than 2.0 pounds per acre have generally given poor 

 results. 



6. Low volatile esters of 2,4-D or combinations of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T have been 

 consistently more effective than amine or sodium salts of 2,4-D. 



7. Dormant apphcations of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T esters have shown promise in the 

 control of saltcedar. 



8. Mechanical means, although expensive, are useful in the eradication of salt- 

 cedar, especially in areas near cotton or other crops susceptible to 2,4-D. 



9. Mechanical control must be exercised at least yearly to eliminate regrowth from 

 root sprouts and seedlings. 



10. Saltcedar is more difficult to kill with 2,4-D and related materials than most 

 willows, cottonwoods and other woody phreatophytes. 



11. Mechanical clearing followed by spraying of young regrowth with 2,4-D or a 

 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T at 2.5 pounds or more per acre repeated as necessary 

 once or twice a year appears to be the most effective and practical method now known 

 for controlling saltcedar. 



REFERENCES 



1957. A summary of results of experimental and field trials pertaining to the control 

 of saltcedar {Tamarix gallica). H. Fred Arle. Proc. Amer. Geophysical 

 Union. 



1957. History of the Introduction of Saltcedar into the United States. Ciu-tis W. 

 Bowser. Proc. Amer. Geophysical Union. 



1957. The Phreatrophyte Problem. T. W. Robinson. Proc. Amer. Geophysical 

 Union. 



1951. Report to Saltcedar Interagency Council. Interagency Task Force, Albu- 

 querque, N. Mex. 



WILLOWS 



BOTANICAL 



The numerous species of willows (Salix) that invade water- 

 fowl habitat in various parts of the continent are particularly 

 troublesome where fluctuating water levels favor establishment of 

 seedlings. Most willows grow rapidly and are capable of propa- 

 gation by seeds, by shoots from roots, or by broken-off twigs or 

 branches rooting in the mud. 



IMPORTANCE 



Willows have minor value to wildlife and to man in various 

 ways. In the North, elk, moose, deer, beaver, and several species 



